Calcium and vitamin D intakes may be positively associated with brain lesions in depressed and nondepressed elders

Studies indicate that diet and vascular calcification may be related to the occurrence of brain lesions, although the importance of dietary calcium and vitamin D has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that calcium and vitamin D intakes would be positively associated with brain lesion volumes in elderly individuals with and without late-life depression. A cross sectional study was performed as part of a longitudinal clinical study of late-life depression. Calcium and vitamin D intakes were assessed in 232 elderly subjects (95 with current or prior depression, 137 without depression) using a Block 1998 food frequency questionnaire. Calcium, vitamin D, and kilocalorie intake were determined. Brain lesion volumes were calculated from magnetic resonance imaging scan. Subjects were age 60 years or over. Calcium and vitamin D intakes were significantly and positively correlated with brain lesion volume (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). In two separate multivariable models, controlling for age, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, group (depression/comparison), lesion load (high/low), and total kilocalories, these positive associations remained significant (p<0.05 for calcium; p < 0.001 for vitamin D). In conclusion, calcium and vitamin D consumption were associated with brain lesions in elderly subjects, even after controlling for potentially explanatory variables. These associations may be due to vascular calcification or other mechanism. The possibility of adverse effects of high intakes of calcium and vitamin D needs to be further explored in longitudinal studies of elderly subjects

Model genetic rules based systems for evaluation of projects

The process of project evaluation is of vital importance for decision-making in organizations. In the particular case of IT projects, the historical average of successful projects is 30.7%, while renegotiated projects are 47.3% and cancelled projects are 22% [1]. These figures mean that huge budgets are affected every year by errors in planning or control and monitoring of projects, with an economic and social impact. The objective of this research is to evaluate the MCGEP evolutionary algorithm in different versions databases with information on the evaluation of IT projects. The aim is to determine the possibility of applying an evolutionary algorithm that uses programming of genetic expressions as opposed to others of greater use

Elevated brain lesion volumes in older adults who use calcium supplements: a cross-sectional clinical observational study

Recent studies have implicated calcium supplements with elevated vascular risk, and therefore these supplements may also relate to the occurrence of brain lesions (or hyperintensities) in older adults. These lesions represent damage to brain tissue that is caused by ischaemia. This cross sectional clinical observational study examined the association between use of calcium-containing dietary supplements and lesion volumes in a sample of 227 older adults (60 years and older). Food and supplemental calcium intakes were assessed with a Block 1998 FFQ; participants with supplemental calcium intakes above zero were categorized as supplement users. Lesion volumes were determined from cranial MRI (1.5 Tesla) using a semi-automated technique; volumes were log-transformed because they were non-normal. An ANCOVA model showed that supplement users had greater lesion volumes than non-users, even after controlling for dietary food calcium, age, sex, race, education, energy intake, depression and hypertension (Calcium supplement use: β = 0.34, SE = 0.10, F1,217 = 10.98, p = 0.0011). The influence of supplemental calcium use on lesion volume was of similar magnitude to that of hypertension, a well-established risk factor for lesions. Among supplement users, the amount of supplemental calcium was not related to lesion volume (β = −0.000035, SE = 0.00015, F1,139 = 0.06, p = 0.81). This study indicates that the use of calcium-containing dietary supplements, even low dose supplements, by older adults may be associated with greater lesion volumes. Evaluation of randomised, controlled trials is warranted to determine if this relationship is a causal one

Variability in Frontotemporal Brain Structure: The Importance of Recruitment of African Americans in Neuroscience Research

BACKGROUND: Variation in brain structure is both genetically and environmentally influenced. The question about potential differences in brain anatomy across populations of differing race and ethnicity remains a controversial issue. There are few studies specifically examining racial or ethnic differences and also few studies that test for race-related differences in context of other neuropsychiatric research, possibly due to the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in clinical research. It is within this context that we conducted a secondary data analysis examining volumetric MRI data from healthy participants and compared the volumes of the amygdala, hippocampus, lateral ventricles, caudate nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and total cerebral volume between Caucasian and African-American participants. We discuss the importance of this finding in context of neuroimaging methodology, but also the need for improved recruitment of African Americans in clinical research and its broader implications for a better understanding of the neural basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This was a case control study in the setting of an academic medical center outpatient service. Participants consisted of 44 Caucasians and 33 ethnic minorities. The following volumetric data were obtained: amygdala, hippocampus, lateral ventricles, caudate nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and total cerebrum. Each participant completed a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our primary finding in analyses of brain subregions was that when compared to Caucasians, African Americans exhibited larger left OFC volumes (F (1,68) = 7.50, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The biological implications of our findings are unclear as we do not know what factors may be contributing to these observed differences. However, this study raises several questions that have important implications for the future of neuropsychiatric research

Evidence-Based Inventory of Criminal Justice Programs in Nebraska

This report is the product of collaborative efforts from the Nebraska Center for Justice Research, the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Industrial and Organizational Psychology and the Criminology and Criminal Justice department at Portland State University. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the importance of using evidence-based practices and programs, examine the quantity and needs addressed by adult criminal justice programs, and provide a snapshot of operating evidence-based programs throughout Nebraska. This report provides findings related to the discovery of programs and a review of branded programs operating in Nebraska. Product 1 – Inventory of Nebraska Programs Hundreds of programs and services are offered throughout Nebraska to assist the adult justice-involved population. The research team gathered a list of these programs through an examination of publicly available online sources on criminal justice agency websites. Hundreds of programs were identified after a review of these sources. Given the substantial quantity of programs, the researchers utilized a methodology to examine the programs and practices most appropriate for review and evaluation. Programs developed in Nebraska, and not yet rigorously evaluated, were determined ineligible for a more extensive review and should be examined in more depth under different guidelines. Upon conclusion of our review determination, the researchers identified 714 eligible programs and services in total. Product 2 – Branded Programming Review After a list was compiled, programs were sorted into two categories: homegrown (621) and branded (93). Peer reviewed research was gathered on the branded programs (frequently used synonymously with ‘evidence-based programs’ or ‘off-the-shelf programs’ …these are programs that tend to be well-known brand names with research evidence to backing their use). Based on the results of the acquired studies, programs were ranked on their ability to move participants towards desired outcomes, including reducing recidivism, increasing meaningful employment, reducing substance abuse or addiction symptoms, and improving overall health and well-being. Using the ranking criteria located in Table 3, programs were classified as either evidence-based (11), research-based (18), promising-practice (6), consensus-based (13), or no evidence (45). Future Proposed Deliverables – Describe and Review of Program Practices Although this report lays the foundation to encourage more agencies and program providers to adopt evidence-based programs, additional work should examine whether program provider practices are in line with program protocols and otherwise best practices. Therefore, the research team proposes doing a component analysis outlined by Campbell et al. (2018), which includes gathering program manuals and interviewing/ survey program staff to examine if practices are consistent with recommendation