130 research outputs found
Results from a three year testing project of new strawberry cultivars in Verticillium infested soils and under organic farming conditions
As part of a research project 13 cultivars were planted in 2005 at 11 sites on 9 farms in 5
different Austrian regions. The aim was to find new cultivars tolerant to soil-borne
pathogens and leaf/fruit diseases, with high yield, winter hardness and good fruit quality, to
serve as alternative to the highly susceptible cultivar âElsantaâ, regarding soil-borne
diseases. Plant vigour and infestation with Verticillium dahliae and leaf diseases were
evaluated in 2005 und 2006 at 7 sites and in 2007 at 3 sites.
In addition, following parameters were assessed on 2 organically managed sites in 2006
and 2007: marketable yield, percentage of different categories of unmarketable fruits and
incidence of the blossom weevil. In 2006 fruit characteristics and consumer acceptance
were studied.
âElsantaâ showed the highest infestation with V. dahliae whereas âSalsaâ, âDaroyalâ and
âAliceâ were most tolerant. âDoraâ, âEvaâ, âQueen Elisaâ and âDaroyalâ recorded significantly
higher losses by the blossom weevil than âAliceâ. âAlbaâ and âDivineâ were the earliest
cultivars in ripening time. Highest marketable yield per plant had the late ripening cultivars,
particularly âSalsaâ and âSonataâ. Of all early ripening cultivars tested, âElsantaâ showed the
highest productivity, followed by 'Alba', âDarselectâ, âDaroyalâ and âEvaâ. Regarding fruit
firmness, content of ascorbic acid, shelf life and appearance, âAlbaâ, âCleryâ, âEvaâ and
âQueen Elisaâ were most convincing. The best tasting cultivars were âCleryâ, âDaroyalâ and
âDivineâ.
Summing up all the results, âAlbaâ, âAliceâ and âSalsaâ can be recommended for organic
production, whereas âCleryâ, âDaroyalâ, âDarselectâ, âElsantaâ, âEvaâ, âQueen Elisaâ and
âSonataâ are classified as suitable for only a limited extent. âElsantaâ, âDivineâ, âDoraâ and
âSonataâ are particularly unsuitable for growing in Verticillium infested soils. âDivineâ, âDoraâ,
and âRecordâ cannot be recommended for organic production at all
Testung neuer Erdbeersorten im biologischen Anbau
In Osterreich ist die Nachfrage nach biologisch produzierten Erdbeeren im Steigen. Die im Erdbeeranbau verwendete Hauptsorte Elsanta weist aber eine hohe Anfälligkeit vor allem gegenßber Wurzelkrankheiten (Phytophthora sp., Verticillium sp.) auf. Fßr den biologischen Landbau ist sie daher nur bedingt geeignet.
Am Markt werden regelmäĂig neue Sorten angeboten, fĂźr deren Anbau es in Ăsterreich noch wenig praktische Erfahrung gibt. Im vorliegenden Versuch wurden 12 neue und 2 Standardsorten auf ihre Eignung fĂźr den biologischen Anbau getestet
Possible solutions for replant problems caused by soil-borne pathogens in organic strawberry production
Soil-borne pathogens, above all Verticillium sp. cause plant losses and yield decreases in many Austrian
strawberry fields, also in organic farming systems; in a research project possibilities to resolve this problem
were examined. In a field trial, which was started 1998, organically managed and differently fertilized plots
(green compost, manure, hornchips) were compared to an unfertilised control plot and to two mineral
fertilized and conventionally treated plots; the differences in field characteristics of strawberries in 2004 and
2005 were low, but differences in storage and biochemical characteristics could be seen in 2005. Some new
cultivars tested as alternative to the very sensitive 'Elsanta' planted in 2005 on several farms showed a
higher tolerance to diseases and good yield and fruit quality characteristics. Brassica sp. planted as an
intercrop before strawberries reduced the amount of microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae in highly infested
soils, nevertheless the system has to be optimised and adapted to our climatic and husbandry conditions in
further trials
LÜsungsansätze fßr Nachbauprobleme durch bodenbßrtige Pathogene im biologischen Erdbeeranbau
Soil-borne pathogens, above all Verticillium sp. cause plant losses and yield decreases in many Austrian strawberry fields, also in organic farming systems; in a research project possibilities to resolve this problem were examined. In a field trial, which was started 1998, organically managed and differently fertilized plots (green compost, manure, hornchips) were compared to an unfertilised control plot and to two mineral fertilized and conventionally treated plots; the differences in field characteristics of strawberries in 2004 and 2005 were low, but differences in storage and biochemical characteristics could be seen in 2005. Some new cultivars tested as alternative to the very sensitive 'Elsanta' planted in 2005 on several farms showed a higher tolerance to diseases and good yield and fruit quality characteristics. Brassica sp. planted as an intercrop before strawberries reduced the amount of microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae in highly infested soils, nevertheless the system has to be optimised and adapted to our climatic and husbandry conditions in further trials
Microsatellite and Mitochondrial Data Provide Evidence for a Single Major Introduction for the Neartic Leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus in Europe
Scaphoideus titanus, a leafhopper native to North America and invasive in Europe, is the vector of the Flavescence dorĂŠe phytoplasma, the causal agent of the most important form of grapevine yellows in European vineyards. We studied 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci and a 623 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene in native S. titanus from north-eastern America and introduced European populations, to elucidate the colonization scenario. Consistent with their recent history, invasive European populations were less genetically diverse than American populations for both types of markers, suggesting a recent bottleneck. Significant isolation by distance was detected between American populations but not between European populations. None of the European mitochondrial haplotypes was found in the American vineyards, from which they are assumed to have originated. The precise source of the invasive S. titanus populations therefore remains unclear. Nevertheless, the high heterozygosity of North-East American populations (which contained 92% of the observed alleles) suggests that this region is part of the native range of S. titanus. Clustering population genetics analyses with microsatellite and mitochondrial data suggested that European populations originated from a single introduction event. Most of the introduced populations clustered with populations from Long Island, the Atlantic Coast winegrowing region in which Vitis aestivalis occurs
Modeling psychiatric disorders: from genomic findings to cellular phenotypes
Major programs in psychiatric genetics have identified 4150 risk loci for psychiatric disorders. These loci converge on a small
number of functional pathways, which span conventional diagnostic criteria, suggesting a partly common biology underlying
schizophrenia, autism and other psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, the cellular phenotypes that capture the fundamental features
of psychiatric disorders have not yet been determined. Recent advances in genetics and stem cell biology offer new prospects for
cell-based modeling of psychiatric disorders. The advent of cell reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provides
an opportunity to translate genetic findings into patient-specific in vitro models. iPSC technology is less than a decade old but holds
great promise for bridging the gaps between patients, genetics and biology. Despite many obvious advantages, iPSC studies still
present multiple challenges. In this expert review, we critically review the challenges for modeling of psychiatric disorders, potential
solutions and how iPSC technology can be used to develop an analytical framework for the evaluation and therapeutic
manipulation of fundamental disease processes
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