Valuation of Phoenics

This work presents theoretical background for diverse valuation methods, with special attention paid to the real options method and its advantages over traditional methods for valuation of young entities. Additionally, it presents a case study of a start-up company, the value of which is found using diverse methods. The main result shows that the value of the company obtained with the real options approach is much higher than the one found with traditional discounted cash flow (DCF) method. Moreover, it shows that the difference in the obtained valuations leads to different strategic decisions: according to DCF certain projects should not be undertaken, whereas according to the real options approach the company should expand its operations.Esta dissertação apresenta uma base teórica para diversos métodos de avaliação, com especial atenção para o método de opções reais e as suas vantagens em relação aos métodos tradicionais de avaliação de entidades jovens. Além disso, apresenta um case study de uma empresa start-up, cujo o seu valor é encontrado usando diversos métodos. O resultado principal mostra que o valor da empresa obtido com a utilização de opções reais é muito maior do que o encontrado com o método tradicional de fluxos de caixa descontados (DCF). Também mostra que a diferença entre as valorizações obtidas, leva a diferentes decisões estratégicas: de acordo com DCF determinados projectos não devem ser realizados, no entanto segundo as opções reais, a empresa deve expandir suas operaçõe

Stringency and Distribution in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme –The 2005 Evidence

With the release of the verified emissions for installations covered by the EU Emissions Trading Scheme for the first trading year 2005 we are able to compare actual emissions and allowances for each installation. Based on data available for 24 Member States as of January 2007, this paper uses a thorough data analysis for about 9,900 installations to investigate evidence on three issues: first, the stringency of the total allocation cap and allocation differences both among the Member States and a selection of emission intensive sectors; second, the distribution of the size of installations; and third, the spread of allocation discrepancies and possible allocation biases regarding the size of installations.Emission Trading, EU Emissions Trading Scheme, Climate Policy

Scanning the Options for a Structural Reform of the EU Emissions Trading System. CEPS Special Report 107, 19 May 2015

This paper provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of different options to reform the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). The options discussed include changes to address the rigidity of supply on the auctioning side, as well as reforms to add flexibility to free allocation. Additionally, other options that may enhance the functionality of the EU ETS are covered, drawing on examples and practices in other carbon-pricing mechanisms around the world. It is crucial to note that any reform of the EU ETS must consist of a package of options. Taken separately, the options may very well have beneficial effects, but they would also leave intact clear imperfections in the current design. Specifically where the auctioning supply mechanism and the flexibility in free allocation are concerned, we assess multiple options in each category, and present evidence for each option. Where appropriate, we suggest complementing these reform options with additional elements (presented in section 3.3). The aim of any structural reform should be to arrive at a set of options that forms a consistent and credible package. With this paper, we provide an evidence-based assessment of the various building blocks of such a reform

REAL OPTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENTS

We present an overview of the real options methodology and its applications in agricultural decision making. We examine the current state of research on real options in agriculture as well as propose a range of possible extensions and further applications of diverse types of real options in agricultural investments and their policy implications

What Will Make Energy Systems Sustainable?

Despite the success of the German Energiewende in increasing the production of electricity from renewables and the positive global spillover effects of renewable technologies, one of the lessons learned is the insight that simply shifting to renewables and recommending improving energy efficiency is not sufficient to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Combined with the expected radical change of technologies, this requires a more profound understanding of our energy systems. Therefore, in contrast to many conventional energy economy approaches, we propose a deepened structural analysis that covers the full energy value chain from the required functionalities for mechanical, thermal and specific electric energy services via application and transformation technologies up to primary energy. This deepened structural approach opens and substantially enhances our understanding of policy designs that are compatible with the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals. We discover the essential role of four energy grids, namely for electricity, heat, gas, and information as the key for integrating all components of a newly structured energy system. Consequently, we conclude that policy strategies focusing on individual components of an energy system like shifting to renewables may, from a comprehensive perspective on more sustainable energy systems, prove even counterproductive

Extending the EU Commission’s Proposal for a Reform of the EU Emissions Trading System

Pursuing an evidence based approach we summarize the key elements of the European Commission’s proposal of July 2015 for a reform of the EU Emissions Trading System and offer facts about the current state of EU ETS that underline the needs for such a reform. We supply key data for understanding the current state of EU ETS and report in particular the share of freely allocated allowances in emissions for the various sectors since the start of EU ETS in 2005. This is the most relevant parameter for evaluating the stringency and cost impacts of the EU ETS on sectors and installations. We provide propositions for enhancing the allocation procedure of both free and auctioned allowances, the fundamental element in the cap and trade design of this system. We link this procedure closely to the relevant suggestions of the Commission proposal and offer extensions that can make in particular the allocation of free allowances more targeted and effective. We indicate how the impacts of free allowances can be calculated both for sectors and installations and conclude that these reform steps could reduce the administrative burden of the system