233 research outputs found
Finding Metaphor in Discourse: Pragglejaz and Beyond
This is a methodological paper which addresses three distinct ways in which
metaphor can be found in discourse. The first approach concerns the Pragglejaz method for
finding metaphorically used words, which involves the canonical case of metaphor
identification in cognitive linguistics. The second approach concerns one way in which it is
possible to go from words identified as metaphorically used to their related underlying
conceptual structures, by means of a five-step procedure. And the third approach focuses on
other linguistic forms of expression of metaphor as an underlying cross-domain mapping in
conceptual structure, such as simile and analogy. All three approaches are discussed with
reference to their application in empirical research on corpus data.Este artículo metodológico se centra en los diferentes modos en que el fenómeno
de la metáfora puede aparecer en el discurso. El primer enfoque trata el método Pragglejaz
para identificar palabras usadas metafóricamente, incluyendo el caso canónico de la
identificación de metáforas en la lingüística cognitiva. El segundo enfoque describe,
mediante un proceso de cinco pasos, una posible forma de acceder a la estructura conceptual
subyacente a palabras cuyo uso se ha identificado como metafórico. El tercer enfoque se
centra en otras formas lingüísticas de expresar la metáfora concebida como un mapeo
subyacente entre dominios en la estructura conceptual, como son el símil o la analogía. Estos
tres enfoques se analizan en torno a su aplicación a la investigación empírica en datos de
corpus
Finding Metaphor in Discourse: Pragglejaz and Beyond
This is a methodological paper which addresses three distinct ways in which metaphor can be found in discourse. The first approach concerns the Pragglejaz method for finding metaphorically used words, which involves the canonical case of metaphor identification in cognitive linguistics. The second approach concerns one way in which it is possible to go from words identified as metaphorically used to their related underlying conceptual structures, by means of a five-step procedure. And the third approach focuses on other linguistic forms of expression of metaphor as an underlying cross-domain mapping in conceptual structure, such as simile and analogy. All three approaches are discussed with reference to their application in empirical research on corpus data
Thinking by metaphor, fast and slow: Deliberate Metaphor Theory offers a new model for metaphor and its comprehension
The immense increase in metaphor theory and research over the past decades is posing a threat of fragmentation to the field, which has been responded to by calls for new and more encompassing approaches to virtually all aspects metaphorical. This article argues that the opposite response may be more productive. By focusing on a different way of theorizing metaphor and its comprehension, existing theories and data can be re-ordered in an alternative and coherent way, which moreover breaks new grounds in tying up both with a general theory for all utterance comprehension as well as a general theory for all cognition as involving fast and slow thinking. The core of the new theory highlights the differentiation between deliberate and non-deliberate metaphor use, related to how people see the use of a metaphor as a metaphor in communication, that is, as a metaphor that counts as a metaphor between language users. It shows how this distinction can be employed to make sense of many insights about metaphor and its comprehension in innovative ways. The article outlines the foundations of the new theory and discusses how existing data, old and new, can be seen as supporting the new proposals
Characterization of plaque components with intravascular ultrasound elastography in human femoral and coronary arteries in vitro
BACKGROUND: The composition of plaque is a major determinant of
coronary-related clinical syndromes. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
elastography has proven to be a technique capable of reflecting the
mechanical properties of phantom material and the femoral arterial wall.
The aim of this study was to investigate the capability of intravascular
elastography to characterize different plaque components. METHODS AND
RESULTS: Diseased human femoral (n=9) and coronary (n=4) arteries were
studied in vitro. At each location (n=45), 2 IVUS images were acquired at
different intraluminal pressures (80 and 100 mm Hg). With the use of
cross-correlation analysis on the high-frequency (radiofrequency)
ultrasound signal, the local strain in the tissue was determined. The
strain was color-coded and plotted as an additional image to the IVUS
echogram. The visualized segments were stained on the presence of
collagen, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. Matching of elastographic
data and histology were performed with the use of the IVUS echogram. The
cross sections were segmented in regions (n=125) that were based on the
strain value on the elastogram. The dominant plaque types in these regions
(fibrous, fibro-fatty, or fatty) were obtained from histology and
correlated with the average strain and echo intensity. The strain for the
3 plaque types as determined by histology differed significantly
(P=0.0002). This difference was mainly evident between fibrous and fatty
tissue (P=0.0004). The plaque types did not reveal echo-intensity
differences in the IVUS echogram (P=0.882). CONCLUSIONS: Different strain
values are found between fibrous, fibro-fatty, and fatty plaque
components, indicating the potential of intravascular elastography to
distinguish different plaque morphologies
Formation of Pt-Based Alloy Nanoparticles Assisted by Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl
We report on an optimized, scalable solution-phase synthetic procedure for the fabrication of fine-tuned monodisperse nanostructures (Pt(NiCo), PtNi and PtCo). The influence of different solute metal precursors and surfactants on the morphological evolution of homogeneous alloy nanoparticles (NPs) has been investigated. Molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6) was used as the reductant. We demonstrate that this solution-based strategy results in uniform-sized NPs, the morphology of which can be manipulated by appropriate selection of surfactants and solute metal precursors. Co-surfactants (oleylamine, OAm, and hexadecylamine, HDA) enabled the development of a variety of high-index faceted NP morphologies with varying degrees of curvatures while pure OAm selectively produced octahedral NP morphologies. This Mo(CO)6-based synthetic protocol offers new avenues for the fabrication of multi-structured alloy NPs as high-performance electrocatalysts
Hyperlocal variation of nitrogen dioxide, black carbon, and ultrafine particles measured with Google Street View cars in Amsterdam and Copenhagen
Hyperlocal air quality maps are becoming increasingly common, as they provide useful insights into the spatial variation and sources of air pollutants. In this study, we produced several high-resolution concentration maps to assess the spatial differences of three traffic-related pollutants, Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), Black Carbon (BC) and Ultrafine Particles (UFP), in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Copenhagen, Denmark. All maps were based on a mixed-effect model approach by using state-of-the-art mobile measurements conducted by Google Street View (GSV) cars, during October 2018 - March 2020, and Land-use Regression (LUR) models based on several land-use and traffic predictor variables. We then explored the concentration ratio between the different normalised pollutants to understand possible contributing sources to the observed hyperlocal variations. The maps developed in this work reflect, (i) expected elevated pollution concentrations along busy roads, and (ii) similar concentration patterns on specific road types, e.g., motorways, for both cities. In the ratio maps, we observed a clear pattern of elevated concentrations of UFP near the airport in both cities, compared to BC and NO 2. This is the first study to produce hyperlocal maps for BC and UFP using high-quality mobile measurements. These maps are important for policymakers and health-effect studies, trying to disentangle individual effects of key air pollutants of interest (e.g., UFP)
Flexible large-area ultrasound arrays for medical applications made using embossed polymer structures
With the huge progress in micro-electronics and artificial intelligence, the ultrasound probe has become the bottleneck in further adoption of ultrasound beyond the clinical setting (e.g. home and monitoring applications). Today, ultrasound transducers have a small aperture, are bulky, contain lead and are expensive to fabricate. Furthermore, they are rigid, which limits their integration into flexible skin patches. New ways to fabricate flexible ultrasound patches have therefore attracted much attention recently. First prototypes typically use the same lead-containing piezo-electric materials, and are made using micro-assembly of rigid active components on plastic or rubber-like substrates. We present an ultrasound transducer-on-foil technology based on thermal embossing of a piezoelectric polymer. High-quality two-dimensional ultrasound images of a tissue mimicking phantom are obtained. Mechanical flexibility and effective area scalability of the transducer are demonstrated by functional integration into an endoscope probe with a small radius of 3 mm and a large area (91.2×14 mm2) non-invasive blood pressure sensor.</p
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