INFORMATIONAL RESOURCES ON POTATO GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food crops, the advantage of which is the ability to give a high yield in a wide range of agroecosystems, high specific production of dry weight per unit of cultivated area. Nowadays potato is considered a source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and other nutrients. Potato cultivars are characterized by low genetic diversity, which reduces their potential to produce varieties with improved properties. Wild potato relatives retain a high degree of genetic diversity, which can be used to find the superior alleles and for their further transfer to cultural genotypes. To this end, there is an intense development of potato gene banks, with the help of the information technology to access the data. The present review is devoted to global information resources in potato. It describes the most relevant information portals and databases of genetic resources for potatoes. Analysis of information in the Internet shows that the main information resources on potato collections are concentrated in the United States and Europe. Information portals provide a wide variety of information useful to producers, consumers and breeders. On such portals, there is an intensive information support of the latest technologies in the field of potato growing and breeding. An interesting direction is the provision of services to determine the DNA prints (markers) of potato varieties, involvement of potato growers in the process of operational monitoring of diseases and pests of potatoes. Integration of data on potato collections plays an important role at the present stage. In line with this, European collections and databases are being developed. However, despite the existence of pan-European potato collection, national collections are still given support. An important collection-related trend in recent years has been inclusion of samples with a large number (more than a hundred) characteristics, which are evaluated by constantly testing varieties within the framework of foreign state breeding programs. As a result of access to such information, the breeder can effectively plan an experiment with the purpose of directed selection for key features of plants. These trends confirm the effectiveness of the use of the latest technologies (including information) in the maintenance and dissemination of potato genetic resources

Dry rot causing species of fusarium prevalent in Republic of Tatarstan

Fusarium species are the most frequently fungal pathogens of potato worldwide. In this study we isolated Fusarium species causing dry rot in potatoes that were grown in Republic of Tatarstan in 2014. Isolated species were identified as Fusarium oxysporum (4 strains), Fusarium solani (1), Fusarium avenaceum (1), Fusarium tricinctum (1), Fusarium sambucinum (1) and Fusarium redolens(1) by sequencing the ITS regions of rRNA. Variable degrees of pathogenicity were observed with the collected Fusarium isolates after artificial inoculation of healthy potato tubers. Fusarium oxysporum strains (MG2, NK3, MG1) were the most aggressive and virulent followed by Fusariumsolani NZ1, Fusarium tricinctum SA1and Fusarium sambucinum NK2, Fusarium avenaceum NK1 were the least pathogenic. The results of the identification of prevalent pathogenic Fusarium isolates from potato tubers can contribute to development of regional strategies for controlling the disease development in this area

Antagonistic actinobacteria screening for biocontrol against phytopathogenic micromycetes of potato plant

The present study was focused on isolation and estimation of antagonistic properties of soil actinobacteria against phytopathogenic micromycetes causing diseases of potato plants. It was shown that one of 13 isolated actinobacteria significantly inhibited growth of phytopathogenic fungi of Fusarium genus. The results obtained allow us to consider the active actinobacterial isolate as a perspective agent for biological control of plant fungal diseases.Работа выполнена за счет средств субсидии, выделенной КФУ для выполнения государственного задания в сфере научной деятельности (проект 14–83)

Yield formation of PVY-resistant and susceptible potato breeding lines

We studied the resistance to potato virus Y (PVY) in a potato hybrid population, and its effect on the yield formation under contrasting meteorological conditions. The virus resistance analysis was conducted after growing the plants under natural virus infection and after PVY inoculation. The dominant Ryadg gene allele in the potato breeding lines genotypes was revealed by detection of the PCR-based molecular marker RYSC3. Virus resistant lines were selected more often in the potato breeding program than susceptible forms due to higher productivity and larger number of tubers. PVY-resistant samples demonstrated a higher yield than susceptible forms. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were detected by univariate ANOVA in three of the four years studied. The virus resistance effect value ranged from 4 to 22%. Resistant form yield was more stable than that of susceptible one, which was evident from the corresponding coefficients of variation. Resistant samples also had a greater number of tubers per plant. At the same time, univariate ANOVA revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) only in one of the four studied years. The virus resistance effect ranged from 2 to 22%

Estimation of genotype, explant size and microbial enzymes influence on regenerative capacity of potatoes

In this study effects of genotype, explants size and the composition of the culture medium on regeneration capacity of apexes of etiolated potato tubers sprouts were estimated. We observed positive correlation among survival, growth and development of plant tissues in vitro and the size of plant explants. When the cultivation medium was supplemented by RNase A (1-10 μg/ml) and ribonucleases from Bacillus pumilus (RNAse Bp, 1 μg/ml) 35% increase of the number of the regenerants was observed. Enzymes with ribonuclease activity at low concentrations (1-10 μg/ml) stimulated regenerative and morphogenic processes. In contrast neither plant regeneration dynamic nor plant morphogenesis were changed when cultivation medium was supplemented by other Bacillus pumilus proteolytic enzymes (subtilisin-like protease (AprBp), glutamyl endopeptidase (GseBp) and metalloendopeptidase (MprBp) in concentration of 1 μg/ml

High Level of Field Resistance of Transgenic Tobaccos Induced by Integrated Potato Virus Y Coat Protein Gene

The coat protein gene (CP) from a highly virulent, necrotic and dominant strain of potato virus Y (PVY) originated from the Hungarian flora has been engineered via Agrobacterium infection into different Hungarian tobacco breeding lines and cultivars. The integration of the CP was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genomic prepa­ra­tions. The transcription and the expression of the integrated CP gene were detected by Northern and Western analysis. The pathogen-derived resis­tance was demonstrated by inoculation of the R1 progeny of transformant plants with purified PVY. The efficiency of the protection varied between different transgenic tobaccos ranging from complete to no protection. The challenge infection of the plants was monitored by dot blot hybridisation at different intervals after mechanical inoculation. Western blot analysis showed that there is no correlation between the level of expressed CP and the extent of resistance. From tobacco cultivars namely Virgin D, Stamm C2 and Hevesi 11, 38, 55 and 23 transformants were obtained, respectively. After several years of greenhouse expe­ri­ments, only the extreme resistant tobaccos were planted field under the special licence, given by the competent authority. In field conditions, transgenic tobacco varieties showed extreme resistance against natural infection of PVY

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Nevskij microtuber formation features in in vitro culture

The process of tuber formation in potato depends on many factors: genotype, exogenous hormones, photoperiod, source and concentration of carbohydrate. This work aims to study microtuber formation in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Nevskij cultured in vitro. The plants were cultivated on the Murashige and Skoog medium. We compared the effects of sucrose (30, 50, 60 and 80 g/L), kinetin (1, 1.75, and 2.5 mg/ L), and benzylaminopurine (BAP) (1, 3, 5, and 8 mg/L) in background sucrose 80 g/L under the conditions of short days (8/16 h, SD) and continuous darkness (0/24 h, CD). Potato explants planted on the experimental culture media were cultivated for the first 2 weeks under the long-day conditions (16/8 h, LD). At the next stage, the explants were cultivated within 10 weeks under the short-day SD and CD conditions. The growth and development of microtubers were observed. The morphometric parameters of the obtained microtubers by the end of the 12th week were evaluated. On the cultural medium containing 80 g/L sucrose, the number of microtubers larger than 5 mm increased under the conditions of SD from 20% to 56% compared with CD. Under the CD conditions, an increase in the yield of tubers larger than 5 mm, as compared with the hormone-free nutrient medium (80 g/L sucrose), was promoted by adding kinetin (1 and 2.5 mg/L) and BAP (5 mg/L) to the nutrient medium

Potato virus Y coat protein gene induced resistance in valuable potato cultivars

The coat protein (CP) gene from a necrotic strain of potato virus Y (PVY) has been engineered into two-old Hungarian cultivars, namely cv. Mindenes and Somogyi kifli. The integration of the coat protein gene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genomic DNA preparations. The transcription and the expression of the integrated CP gene was followed by Northern and Western blot. The pathogene derived resistance was demonstrated by mechanical inoculation of the trans­formant plants after the transfer of the regenerants into soil. The efficiency of the virus protection varied between different potatoes ranging to complete protection to no protection. All plants were tested in field conditions under the special licence, given the competent authority instructed by the Hungarian gene technology act. In two consecutive years three Mindenes independent transformants proved to be highly resistant against two different strains of PVY in provocative experiment

Dry rot causing species of fusarium prevalent in Republic of Tatarstan

Fusarium species are the most frequently fungal pathogens of potato worldwide. In this study we isolated Fusarium species causing dry rot in potatoes that were grown in Republic of Tatarstan in 2014. Isolated species were identified as Fusarium oxysporum (4 strains), Fusarium solani (1), Fusarium avenaceum (1), Fusarium tricinctum (1), Fusarium sambucinum (1) and Fusarium redolens(1) by sequencing the ITS regions of rRNA. Variable degrees of pathogenicity were observed with the collected Fusarium isolates after artificial inoculation of healthy potato tubers. Fusarium oxysporum strains (MG2, NK3, MG1) were the most aggressive and virulent followed by Fusariumsolani NZ1, Fusarium tricinctum SA1and Fusarium sambucinum NK2, Fusarium avenaceum NK1 were the least pathogenic. The results of the identification of prevalent pathogenic Fusarium isolates from potato tubers can contribute to development of regional strategies for controlling the disease development in this area

Yield formation of PVY-resistant and susceptible potato breeding lines

We studied the resistance to potato virus Y (PVY) in a potato hybrid population, and its effect on the yield formation under contrasting meteorological conditions. The virus resistance analysis was conducted after growing the plants under natural virus infection and after PVY inoculation. The dominant Ryadg gene allele in the potato breeding lines genotypes was revealed by detection of the PCR-based molecular marker RYSC3. Virus resistant lines were selected more often in the potato breeding program than susceptible forms due to higher productivity and larger number of tubers. PVY-resistant samples demonstrated a higher yield than susceptible forms. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were detected by univariate ANOVA in three of the four years studied. The virus resistance effect value ranged from 4 to 22%. Resistant form yield was more stable than that of susceptible one, which was evident from the corresponding coefficients of variation. Resistant samples also had a greater number of tubers per plant. At the same time, univariate ANOVA revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) only in one of the four studied years. The virus resistance effect ranged from 2 to 22%