Strategies of the level-by-level approach to the minimal route

The task of optimal path planning for drilling tool with numerical control is considered. Such tools are used in the production of printed circuit boards. The algorithm modification of level-by-level route construction for the approximate solution of the traveling salesman problem is discussed. Bypass objects can be specified either as a table of distances or values represented by a symmetric matrix, or as Cartesian coordinates (in applied cases of using numerically controlled equipment). The algorithm was tested on many different examples. As a result of the calculations performed for examples from the TSPLIB library (defined through a full distance matrix or Cartesian coordinates) with a dimension of up to 100 cities, the ability of the algorithm to construct the optimal route was confirmed. For examples from other sources or for artificially constructed ones (up to 130 objects), in the testing of the algorithm, the declared record values of the route minimum length were also achieved or improved. © 2019 ASTES Publishers. All rights reserved

Exact aymptotic expansions for the thermodynamics of hydrogen gas in the Saha regime

We consider the hydrogen quantum plasma in the Saha regime, where it almost reduces to a partially ionized atomic gas. We briefly review the construction of systematic expansions of thermodynamical functions beyond Saha theory, which describes an ideal mixture of ionized protons, ionized electrons and hydrogen atoms in their ground-state. Thanks to the existence of rigorous results, we first identify the simultaneous low-temperature and low-density limit in which Saha theory becomes asymptotically exact. Then, we argue that the screened cluster representation is well suited for calculating corrections, since that formalism accounts for all screening and recombination phenomena at work in a more tractable way than other many-body methods. We sketch the corresponding diagrammatical analysis, which leads to an exact asymptotic expansion for the equation of state. That scaled low-temperature expansion improves the analytical knowledge of the phase diagram. It also provides reliable numerical values over a rather wide range of temperatures and densities, as confirmed by comparisons to quantum Monte Carlo data.Comment: 10 page

On the Static Dielectric Permittivity for Coulomb System in the Long Wavelength Limit

On the basis of the exact relations the general formula for the static dielectric permittivity for Coulomb system is found in the region of small wave vectors. The obtained formula describes the dielectric function of the Coulomb system in both limits: in the "metallic" state and in the "dielectric" one. On this basis the determinations of the "apparent" dielectric and the "apparent" radius of screening are introduced. In the random phase approximation (RPA) the exact relations for the function dielectric function of the electron gas in the long-wavelength region of the wave vectors are found for an arbitrary degeneration of the particles.Comment: 5 pages, no figure

Роль ультразвука в диагностике внебольничной пневмонии

BACKGROUND The literature review is devoted to an urgent problem of the diagnosis of pneumonia in the practice of an anesthesiologist-resuscitator using ultrasound. The literature review describes the methodological foundations of this method, its advantages and disadvantages, sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of severe community-acquired pneumonia in the practice of an anesthesiologist-resuscitator.AIM OF STUDY The analysis of the most modern domestic and foreign evidence base based on the information content of lung ultrasound in CAP in the practice of an anesthesiologist-resuscitator.MATERIAL AND METHODS Russian publications were searched in the elibrary.ru database, foreign publications were searched in the PubMed database. Publications (literature reviews, observational studies, double-blind randomized trials) were searched for the period 2010–2020. A total of 1379 publications were initially selected, identified through database searches. After removing duplicates, the number of publications was reduced to 695. Of this number, 503 publications were excluded. The remaining 192 full-text articles were evaluated for text acceptability. Due to inconsistency with the main sections of the review, 77 articles were deleted from them. The remaining 115 ones were included in the qualitative synthesis and 67 ones were selected in the quantitative synthesis.RESULTS The ultrasound is a promising and worthy alternative to other imaging modalities. According to the results chest X-ray was inferior to lung ultrasound in diagnosing the presence of fluid in the pleural cavities. The sensitivity of ultrasound in assessing pleural effusion reaches 100%, the specificity is 99.7%. Pulmonary ultrasonography plays an important role in the diagnosis of pneumonia and is a promising alternative to chest X-ray and chest CT.DISCUSSION Since POCUS is performed at the patient’s bedside, the results are available to the doctor in real time, which helps in diagnosis and treatment. Sequential examinations can be performed to monitor disease progression and response to treatment. However, many facilities do not have the ability to store ultrasound images, so other healthcare professionals cannot see them.FINDINGS The ultrasound examination of the lungs is unlikely to replace computed tomography of the chest, as it does not have 100% specificity, however, it is indispensable in bedside examination and is the doctor’s sonographic “stethoscope”, which significantly expands diagnostic capabilities.АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ Обзор литературы посвящен актуальной проблеме — диагностике пневмонии с помощью ультразвука. В обзоре описаны методические основы данного метода, его преимущества и недостатки, чувствительность и специфичность для диагностики тяжелой внебольничной пневмонии в практике врача анестезиолога-реаниматолога.ЦЕЛЬ Анализ информативности ультразвукового исследования (УЗИ) легких при внебольничной пневмонии в современной отечественной и зарубежной доказательной базе врача анестезиологареаниматолога.МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ Поиск отечественных публикаций проводили в базе данных eLibrary.ru, зарубежных — в базе данных PubMed. Был проведен поиск по публикациям (обзоры литературы, обсервационные исследования, двойные слепые рандомизированные исследования) за период 2010–2020 гг. Первично было выбрано 1379 публикаций, идентифицированных через поиск баз данных. После удаления повторов количество публикаций сократилось до 695. Из этого числа исключили 503 публикации. Оставшиеся 192 полнотекстовые статьи оценивались на приемлемость текста. По причине несоответствия основным разделам обзора из них было удалено 77 статей. Остальные 115 были включены в качественный синтез и 67 избраны в количественный синтез.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ Ультразвук является многообещающей и достойной альтернативой другим методам лучевой диагностики. По результатам анализа рентгенография органов грудной клетки (Rg ОГК) уступила УЗИ легких в диагностике наличия жидкости в плевральных полостях. Чувствительность УЗИ при оценке плеврального выпота достигает 100%, специфичность — 99,7%. УЗИ легких играет важную роль в диагностике пневмонии и является многообещающей привлекательной альтернативой Rg ОГК и компьютерной томографии ОГК.ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ Поскольку УЗИ в месте оказания медицинской помощи (POCUS) выполняется у постели больного, результаты доступны врачу в режиме реального времени, что помогает в диагностике и выборе тактики лечения. Последовательные серии УЗИ могут быть выполнены для мониторинга динамики заболевания и реакции на лечение. Однако во многих учреждениях нет возможности сохранять УЗ-изображения, поэтому другие медицинские работники не могут их видеть.ВЫВОДЫ Ультразвуковое исследование легких вряд ли сможет заменить компьютерную томографию органов грудной клетки, так как не обладает 100% специфичностью, однако оно незаменимо в прикроватном исследовании и является сонографическим «стетоскопом» врача, который значительно расширяет диагностические возможности

Equation of state SAHA-S meets stellar evolution code CESAM2k

We present an example of an interpolation code of the SAHA-S equation of state that has been adapted for use in the stellar evolution code CESAM2k. The aim is to provide the necessary data and numerical procedures for its implementation in a stellar code. A technical problem is the discrepancy between the sets of thermodynamic quantities provided by the SAHA-S equation of state and those necessary in the CESAM2k computations. Moreover, the independent variables in a practical equation of state (like SAHA-S) are temperature and density, whereas for modelling calculations the variables temperature and pressure are preferable. Specifically for the CESAM2k code, some additional quantities and their derivatives must be provided. To provide the bridge between the equation of state and stellar modelling, we prepare auxiliary tables of the quantities that are demanded in CESAM2k. Then we use cubic spline interpolation to provide both smoothness and a good approximation of the necessary derivatives. Using the B-form of spline representation provides us with an efficient algorithm for three-dimensional interpolation. The table of B-spline coefficients provided can be directly used during stellar model calculations together with the module of cubic spline interpolation. This implementation of the SAHA-S equation of state in the CESAM2k stellar structure and evolution code has been tested on a solar model evolved to the present. A comparison with other equations of state is briefly discussed. The choice of a regular net of mesh points for specific primary quantities in the SAHA-S equation of state, together with accurate and consistently smooth tabulated values, provides an effective algorithm of interpolation in modelling calculations. The proposed module of interpolation procedures can be easily adopted in other evolution codes.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Problem of Reinterpretation of the Achievements of the 16th Century French Historiography in the Work of Philippe Labbe (1607-1667) “A New Library of Manuscript Books»

Using the key historians of the so-called “French school” as an example, it is shown that the tendency of historical writing, laid down in the 16th century, underwent a critical reappraisal in the subsequent period. The authors of the article show that F. Labbe (1607-1667) in his work “The New Library of Manuscript Books” ( Nova Bibliotheca Manuscriptorum Librorum ) conceptually rethought the list of those historians who, in his opinion, deserve the attention of his contemporaries. It is alleged that works which subject matter was closely related to the interests of national monarchies appeared to be out of view. It is noted that F. Lubbe, as a representative of the Jesuit Order and, therefore, the spokesman for the interests of the Catholic Church, insisted on the need for cooperation between the papacy and the French kingdom. It is emphasized that, from the point of view of Labbe, the historical works of the 16th century deserved attention, which emphasized primarily the common historical fate of Western European states under the auspices of the church and the papacy as continuers of the Roman Empire’s tradition threatened by o the spread of the Reformation. The authors conclude that the reevaluation of the works of French historians of the 16th century by researchers of the next generation was far from always determined by a purely confessional point of view or proximity to royal power

From Narrative to Analysis: “The Great French Monarchy” by Claude de Seyssel as Reflection of Trends in Development of Historical Worldview between Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Age

The work of Claude de Seyssel “The Great French Monarchy” is considered in the context of new data on the development of historical writing in the late Middle Ages and early modern times. It is noted that this treatise is not similar to the traditional historical works of the era of humanism, since in it the ancient idealism in the field of assessing social structures was replaced by explicit realism in the understanding that the basis of social relations was the nobility. Attention is paid to the method and approach that distinguishes this treatise, considering the views on the development of science, formulated by M. Foucault. It is indicated that de Seyssel considered the Renaissance an era of imitation and comparison, and only the time of the scientific revolution of the 17th — 18th centuries as a period of interest in the analysis of the structure of society and power. It is shown that, at the same time, in the work of de Seyssel, written around 1519, we see precisely the method of structural analysis, and not a comparative narrative. The authors conclude that, like the Venetian historian Domenico Morosini, who did not idealize the Venetian Republic, de Seissel did not idealize the French monarchy and viewed it as the power of the noble class in all its aspects

Claude de Seyssel and Society Concept of George Gemistus Plethon

The article deals with the ideas of Claude de Seyssel (1450—1520). Attention is paid to the fact that these ideas were based on an analysis, based on the model proposed by Plato, of the oligarchic form of government as a real form of existence of the republic in contemporary Venice and a study of the applicability of this model to France. The relevance of the work is due to the appearance of a number of works in which one can see that the views of Claude de Seyssel were similar not only to the views of the Italian humanists, but also to the utopian ideas of the reorganization of Byzantium by George Gemistus Plethon (1355/1360—1452/1454). The authors of the article argue that the ideas of Claude de Seyssel should be considered in a broader context than was previously accepted in historical science. It is shown in the article that it was Claude de Seyssel who drew attention to the importance of the military class and its rights as the most important principle for the formation of European monarchies in the context of problems common to Italian and Byzantine humanists. It is proved that he became a kind of transmission link between Italian and Byzantine humanism, on the one hand, and French humanism, on the other, and significantly influenced the development of socio-political and historical concepts of French thinkers of the 16th-17th centuries

Germanium Detector with Internal Amplification for Investigation of Rare Processes

Device of new type is suggested - germanium detector with internal amplification. Such detector having effective threshold about 10 eV opens up fresh opportunity for investigation of dark matter, measurement of neutrino magnetic moment, of neutrino coherent scattering at nuclei and for study of solar neutrino problem. Construction of germanium detector with internal amplification and perspectives of its use are described.Comment: 13 pages, latex, 3 figures, report at NANP-99, International Conference on Non-Accelerator Physics, Dubna, Russia, June 29- July 3, 1999. To be published in the Proceeding