An Integrated Fire Ecology Curriculum for the Eastern Slopes of the Cascade Mountain Range For Grades 4-7

The purpose of this project was to create a curriculwn to increase the opportunity for young people in Central Washington to receive fire ecology education which will allow them to gain fundamental knowledge of how the Central Washington forest ecosystems work as well as develop a sense of stewardship toward our local forests. An integrated fire ecology curriculum aligned with the Washington State Essential Academic Learning Requirements was created. The curriculum includes teacher and student information, lessons, activities, resources, and recommendations to increase student understanding of the wildfires which impact many communities in Central Washington every summer

A noble diet at the Hof van Leugenhaeghe (Steendorp, Belgium) : pig skulls as a fourteenth-fifteenth century delicacy?

The animal remains found at the fourteenth-fifteenth century Hof van Leugenhaeghe are crucial to reconstruct the life of the noble inhabitants, as all buildings were destroyed with the construction of a later estate on the property called the Blauwhof. The diet confirms the high social status of this nobility with the suspected consumption of pig skulls, a possible sign of wealth in late-medieval Flanders. Other signs of a noble diet are found as well: juvenile cattle, a diverse spectrum of game, partridge and grey heron. The observed pattern of a wealthy diet is consistent with the zooarchaeological assemblages found at other noble sites in late-medieval Flanders

Nanoparticulate gellants for metallized gelled liquid hydrogen with aluminum

Gelled liquid hydrogen was experimentally formulated using sol-gel technology. As a follow-on to work with cryogenic simulants, hydrogen was gelled with an alkoxide material: BTMSE. Initial results demonstrated that gellants with a specific surface area of 1000 m(exp 2)/g could be repeatably fabricated. Gelled hexane and metallized gelled hexane (with 13.8-wt% Al) were produced. Propellant settling testing was conducted for acceleration levels of 2 to 10 times normal gravity and a minimum gellant percentage was determined for stable gelled hexane and metalized gelled hexane. A cryogenic capillary rheometer was also designed, constructed, and used to determine the viscosity of gelled hydrogen. Small volumes of liquid hydrogen were gelled with a 7- to 8-wt% gellant level. The gelled H2 viscosity was 1.5 to 3.7 times that of liquid hydrogen: 0.048 to 0.116 mPa-s versus 0.03 mPa-s for liquid H2 (at 16 K and approximately 1 atm pressure)

Electrode double layer measurements and voltammetry of some organosulfur compounds in sulfolane

A new pulse method for measuring differential double layer capacitances has been developed in this work. The technique is based on the determination of the cell time constant which, for an ideally polarized test electrode-solution interface, is composed of the double layer capacitance and solution resistance. By applying small step voltage changes to a cell, an exponentially decaying current due to the charging of the double layer is observed. A propagation of errors analysis indicated that when the charging current had decayed to 50-25% of its peak value the maximum relative precision in the double layer capacitance could be achieved. The pulse capacitance technique was implemented using a three-electrode potentiostat of conventional design built with integrated circuit operational amplifiers. The instrumentation and technique were tested on cell circuit RC analogs and the accuracy of the capacitance measurements was within the precision of the measurement themselves, ± 3%. Double layer capacitance measurements made on a Hg-1. 0 M KC1 interface yielded results that agreed within experimental error with the accepted literature values. The method was used to determine the double layer capacitancepotential curves for interfaces formed between electrodes of various materials and solutions of 0.10 M tetraethylammonium perchlorate in sulfolane. The simple RC model of the double layer was not applicable for these interfaces and a more complex model for the double layer was assumed which allowed for a small faradaic current to flow. Except for a capacity hump anodic of the potential of zero charge, the capacitance-potential curve for mercury in sulfolane is similar in shape to those obtained for the electrode in other nonaqueous solvents. The value of the capacity maximum is about 30 μf/cm². The capacity-potential curve was integrated by numerical summation to give the surface charge density and interfacial tension relative to the maximum value as a function of electrode potential. The parabolic relationship between interfacial tension and electrode potential was checked and found to agree closely with results obtained from polarographic drop time measurements. Capacitance-potential curves were also measured for gold, glassy carbon, and platinum. The double layer capacitances for these electrodes were usually higher than for mercury and had larger faradaic current corrections. Some of the advantages of the capacitance technique over the AC bridge technique are that the method is applicable to solutions of both high and low conductivities and that correction in the capacitance determination can be made for a non-ideally polarized interface. The technique can be implemented using instrumentation commonly used for fast scan voltammetry, thus not requiring a special instrument useful only for double layer capacitances. The voltammetric potential ranges accessible in sulfolane with tetrathylammonium perchlorate supporting electrolyte are very large. The range available with mercury is +0.1 to -3.3 v, while for gold, glassy carbon, and platinum the ranges are +1.2 to -3.2, +1.3 to -3.3 and +1.6 to -3.0 v as measured with respect to a silver-silver ion reference electrode in the solvent. Voltammetric waves were observed for n-butyl mercaptan, -sulfide, -disulfide and phenyl disulfide. The substances gave reasonably well-defined peaks with characteristic peak potentials. Anodic waves were observed for the mercaptan and sulfide on gold, glassy carbon and platinum electrodes. Cathodic waves were observed for butyl disulfide. All electrode reactions involving the aliphatic sulfur compounds appeared irreversible. Phenyl disulfide could be reversibly reduced on mercury

Selecting Foods for Meetings and Conferences – Strengthening Nutritional Resiliency and Sustainable Food Systems through Key Partnerships

Nutrition is a key domain relevant to human resiliency. Nutritional fitness contributes to resilience by helping individuals maintain a healthy weight and avoid diseases that affect physical and cognitive functions. Leading causes of preventable death, including heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer, are related to diet and obesity. The United States annually spends an estimated $147 billion on medical costs related to obesity; and approximately 20 percent to 30 percent of employers’ annual health care costs pay for employees with modifiable risk factors, including poor diets and obesity. Organizations regularly provide foods and beverages at meetings and events for people they serve and employ. Decisions about what to serve create opportunities to cut costs, benefit local economies, meet trends in consumer preferences, avoid unhealthy offerings, maintain productivity, and for health-focused organizations to practice what they teach. Workers add an average of 1,300 calories each week by eating foods obtained at work, with more than 70 percent coming from free food. Surveys indicate that the majority of employees want more healthy options in the workplace. System-level changes can help create sustainable impacts. Recommendations from the USDA and Cooperative Extension's National Framework for Health and Wellness call for organizational-level changes that provide consistent healthier options. Although many organizations, including OSU Extension, have healthy eating at meetings guidelines place, evaluation data suggest that food and beverage offerings do not align well with dietary recommendations. Serving locally grown food – especially as an ongoing practice – benefits the local economy and the environment, and lets you know more about how the food was grown and handled. Meal planners and approvers face challenges. Selecting what to serve may be perceived as complicated, time-consuming, costly, and something they do not have much control over. They may be unaware of available planning resources and local producers, and may not realize caterers’ willingness to meet customer requests. Through key partnerships, organizations can overcome those challenges. The National Farm to School Network, for example, has a record of success. NFSN worked with caterers at venues in Texas, Wisconsin, and Ohio for their conferences (about 900 to 1,200 participants) to serve local foods AND meet nutritional recommendations. At NFSN's April 2018 national conference held in Cincinnati, more than 60 percent of foods served were sourced locally. The NFSN menu offerings are appealing, flavorful, and low in sugar, fat, and sodium. They consistently receive high satisfaction ratings from participants. Case studies of NFSN successes and their reliance on partnerships with Extension, state agencies, and local organizations, including food hubs and producers, will be shared. Participants will explore ways to address challenges, including strategies for planning menus and controlling costs.AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Carol Smathers, assistant professor, OSU Extension, family and consumer sciences, [email protected] (Corresponding Author); Amy Fovargue, OSU Extension program coordinator; Tracey Starkovich, operations and events manager, National Farm to School NetworkNutrition is central to human resiliency. Nutritional fitness helps individuals maintain a healthy weight and avoid diseases that affect physical and cognitive functions. Leading causes of preventable death are related to diet and obesity. Decisions about which foods and beverages to serve at organization meetings create opportunities to cut costs, benefit local economies, encourage healthy eating, meet consumer preferences, and maintain productivity. Many individuals perceive planning menus and finding local foods as time-consuming, costly, and something dictated by caterers. However, through key partnerships, they can overcome these challenges. The National Farm to School Network (NFSN) worked with caterers at venues in Texas, Wisconsin, and Ohio to serve local foods AND meet nutritional recommendations at their conferences. Case studies of NFSN successes and their partnerships with Extension, state agencies, and others will explain strategies for healthier event menus

Cryogenic Gellant and Fuel Formulation for Metallized Gelled Propellants: Hydrocarbons and Hydrogen with Aluminum

An experimental program to determine the viability of nanoparticulate gellant materials for gelled hydrocarbons and gelled liquid hydrogen was conducted. The gellants included alkoxides (BTMSE and BTMSH) and silica-based materials. Hexane, ethane, propane and hydrogen were gelled with the newly-formulated materials and their rheological properties were determined: shear stress versus shear rate and their attendant viscosities. Metallized hexane with aluminum particles was also rheologically characterized. The propellant and gellant formulations were selected for the very high surface area and relatively-high energy content of the gellants. These new gellants can therefore improve rocket engine specific impulse over that obtained with traditional cryogenic-fuel gellant materials silicon dioxide, frozen methane, or frozen ethane particles. Significant reductions in the total mass of the gellant were enabled in the fuels. In gelled liquid hydrogen, the total mass of gellant was reduced from 10-40 wt percent of frozen hydrocarbon particles to less that 8 wt percent with the alkoxide

Another exact inflationary solution

A new closed-form inflationary solution is given for a hyperbolic interaction potential. The method used to arrive at this solution is outlined as it appears possible to generate additional sets of equations which satisfy the model. In addition a new form of decaying cosmological constant is presented.Comment: 10 pages, 0 figure

The Andante Regime of Scalar Field Dynamics

The andante regime of scalar field dynamics in the chaotic inflationary Universe is defined as the epoch when the field is rolling moderately slowly down its interaction potential, but at such a rate that first-order corrections to the slow-roll approximation become important. These conditions should apply towards the end of inflation as the field approaches the global minimum of the potential. Solutions to the Einstein-scalar field equations for the class of power law potentials $V(\phi) \propto \phi^{2n}$ are found in this regime in terms of the inverse error function.Comment: 11 pages of plain Latex, FNAL-Pub-94/226-

A Weyl-Dirac Cosmological Model with DM and DE

In the Weyl-Dirac (W-D) framework a spatially closed cosmological model is considered. It is assumed that the space-time of the universe has a chaotic Weylian microstructure but is described on a large scale by Riemannian geometry. Locally fields of the Weyl connection vector act as creators of massive bosons having spin 1. It is suggested that these bosons, called weylons, provide most of the dark matter in the universe. At the beginning the universe is a spherically symmetric geometric entity without matter. Primary matter is created by Dirac's gauge function very close to the beginning. In the early epoch, when the temperature of the universe achieves its maximum, chaotically oriented Weyl vector fields being localized in micro-cells create weylons. In the dust dominated period Dirac's gauge function is giving rise to dark energy, the latter causing the cosmic acceleration at present. This oscillatory universe has an initial radius identical to the Plank length = 1.616 exp (-33) cm, at present the cosmic scale factor is 3.21 exp (28) cm, while its maximum value is 8.54 exp (28) cm. All forms of matter are created by geometrically based functions of the W-D theory.Comment: 25 pages. Submitted to GR