27 research outputs found

    Analyse des Influenzastatus von HausgeflĂŒgel in Freilandhaltung unter besonderer BerĂŒcksichtigung der InfektionsgefĂ€hrdung durch Wildvögel

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    Wilde Wasservögel sind das natĂŒrliche Reservoir von Influenzaviren. Auch in Deutschland wurden in den letzten Jahren insbesondere in durchziehenden Wildenten Influenzaviren verschiedener Subtypen nachgewiesen, einschließlich der potentiellen Erreger der GeflĂŒgelpest H5 und H7. Bei GeflĂŒgelhaltungen mit Freilandauslauf besteht wegen möglicher Wildvogelkontakte ein erhöhtes Infektionsrisiko fĂŒr das WirtschaftsgeflĂŒgel, das untersucht werden sollte. In einer deutschlandweiten Stichprobe wurden insgesamt 486 GeflĂŒgelbetriebe mit Freilandauslauf auf das Vorkommen von aviĂ€ren Influenzaviren getestet. Bei 2,9 % der 205 untersuchten GĂ€nsebestĂ€nde und bei 0,7 % der 143 EntenbestĂ€nde wurde eine Influenzavirusinfektion nachgewiesen. Die 117 untersuchten HĂŒhnerbestĂ€nde sowie die 7 PutenbestĂ€nde und 14 Hobbyhaltungen waren nicht infiziert. Die direkt oder ĂŒber Antikörper nachgewiesenen Influenzaviren gehörten zu den Subtypen H3, H4, H6 und H12. Aus den angegebenen Daten der untersuchten BestĂ€nde zu Haltungs- und Hygieneparametern sowie zu möglichen und wirklich beobachteten Kontakten zu Wildvögeln wurde das spezifische Infektionsrisiko mittels eines Punktesystems eingestuft. Alle mit Influenzavirus infizierten Betriebe hatten ein mittleres Infektionsrisiko. Obwohl bei ca 10 % der Haltungen das Infektionsrisiko als sehr hoch eingestuft wurde, scheint die Ansteckung durch Wildvögel ein sehr seltenes Ereignis zu sein. Vermutet wird, dass es sich bei den in AuslĂ€ufen beobachteten Wildvögeln einschließlich der Wildenten um einheimische Standvögel handelte. Die saisonal in großer Zahl auftretenden DurchzĂŒgler nutzen Rastgebiete außerhalb der Ansiedlungen. Trotz der geringen HĂ€ufigkeit des Viruseintrages durch Wildvögel sollte zur Absicherung der gesamten GeflĂŒgelwirtschaft vor der GeflĂŒgelpest eine gesetzlich verankerte Überwachung der GeflĂŒgelhaltungen mit Freilandauslauf etabliert werden. Sie sollte zweimal jĂ€hrlich nach dem Vogelzug erfolgen und besonders infektionsgefĂ€hrdete BestĂ€nde umfassen

    Genetic characterization of a new candidate hemagglutinin subtype of influenza A viruses

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    Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been classified on the basis of 16 subtypes of hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 subtypes of neuraminidase. Here we describe genomic evidence for a new candidate HA subtype, nominally H19, with a large genetic distance to all previously described AIV subtypes, derived from a cloacal swab sample of a Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) in Kazakhstan, in 2008. Avian influenza monitoring in wild birds especially in migratory hotspots such as central Asia is an important approach to gain information about the circulation of known and novel influenza viruses. Genetically, the novel HA coding sequence exhibits only 68.2% nucleotide and 68.5% amino acid identity with its nearest relation in the H9 (N2) subtype. The new HA sequence should be considered in current genomic diagnostic AI assays to facilitate its detection and eventual isolation enabling further study and antigenic classification

    Rapid detection and subtyping of European swine influenza viruses in porcine clinical samples by haemagglutinin- and neuraminidase-specific tetra- and triplex real-time RT-PCRs

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    BACKGROUND: A diversifying pool of mammalian‐adapted influenza A viruses (IAV) with largely unknown zoonotic potential is maintained in domestic swine populations worldwide. The most recent human influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by a virus with genes originating from IAV isolated from swine. Swine influenza viruses (SIV) are widespread in European domestic pig populations and evolve dynamically. Knowledge regarding occurrence, spread and evolution of potentially zoonotic SIV in Europe is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: Efficient SIV surveillance programmes depend on sensitive and specific diagnostic methods which allow for cost‐effective large‐scale analysis. METHODS: New SIV haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtype‐ and lineage‐specific multiplex real‐time RT‐PCRs (RT‐qPCR) have been developed and validated with reference virus isolates and clinical samples. RESULTS: A diagnostic algorithm is proposed for the combined detection in clinical samples and subtyping of SIV strains currently circulating in Europe that is based on a generic, M‐gene‐specific influenza A virus RT‐qPCR. In a second step, positive samples are examined by tetraplex HA‐ and triplex NA‐specific RT‐qPCRs to differentiate the porcine subtypes H1, H3, N1 and N2. Within the HA subtype H1, lineages “av” (European avian‐derived), “hu” (European human‐derived) and “pdm” (human pandemic A/H1N1, 2009) are distinguished by RT‐qPCRs, and within the NA subtype N1, lineage “pdm” is differentiated. An RT‐PCR amplicon Sanger sequencing method of small fragments of the HA and NA genes is also proposed to safeguard against failure of multiplex RT‐qPCR subtyping. CONCLUSIONS: These new multiplex RT‐qPCR assays provide adequate tools for sustained SIV monitoring programmes in Europe

    Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection of Mallards with Homo- and Heterosubtypic Immunity Induced by Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses

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    The potential role of wild birds as carriers of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 is still a matter of debate. Consecutive or simultaneous infections with different subtypes of influenza viruses of low pathogenicity (LPAIV) are very common in wild duck populations. To better understand the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HPAIV H5N1 infections in natural ecosystems, we investigated the influence of prior infection of mallards with homo- (H5N2) and heterosubtypic (H4N6) LPAIV on exposure to HPAIV H5N1. In mallards with homosubtypic immunity induced by LPAIV infection, clinical disease was absent and shedding of HPAIV from respiratory and intestinal tracts was grossly reduced compared to the heterosubtypic and control groups (mean GEC/100 ”l at 3 dpi: 3.0×102 vs. 2.3×104 vs. 8.7×104; p<0.05). Heterosubtypic immunity induced by an H4N6 infection mediated a similar but less pronounced effect. We conclude that the epidemiology of HPAIV H5N1 in mallards and probably other aquatic wild bird species is massively influenced by interfering immunity induced by prior homo- and heterosubtypic LPAIV infections

    Rapid and Highly Sensitive Pathotyping of Avian Influenza A H5N1 Virus by Using Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR

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    Rapid typing of the pathogenicity of avian influenza A viruses (AIV) of subtypes H5 and H7 is crucial to initiate adequate protective measures preventing the spread of highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV). Here, a new real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay which enables sensitive and specific detection and cleavage site analysis of HPAIV H5N1 of the Qinghai lineage is described
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