Dijetetski suplementi za trudnice i dojilje

Dietary supplements are foodstuffs the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet and that are concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, marketed in dose forms (capsules, tablets, drops of liquid, etc) designed to be taken in measured small unit quantities. This food category is well regulated in USA, while in EU harmonization of legislation on food supplements of member states is not finished yet. In our regulations there is no category of dietary supplements and they are classified according to the quantities of nutrients other as dietetic foods or as drugs. Dietary supplements for pregnant and lactating woman are specially prepared, concerning specific composition of nutrients. The most common supplementation is of folate and iron, but some other micronutrients, ω-3 poli-unsaturated fatty acids and dietary fiber can also be supplemented if their intake from food is not sufficient. High intake of some nutrients can have adverse effects. Vitamin A in high doses is known to be teratogenic. As a component of prenatal care, nutrient supplementation might reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality. Information and education of pregnant and lactating woman about constituents of these products, as well as of importance of supplementation of particular nutrients is very important that they can, alone or with the help of pharmacist, choose most adequate dietary supplements that can fulfill their specific nutritional requirements.U trudnoći i laktaciji, zbog fizioloških promena, izmenjenog načina života, povećanih nutritivnih potreba ili drugih subjektivnih i objektivnih razloga nije uvek moguće uneti sve hranljive sastojke u optimalnim količinama, pa se često koriste dijetetski suplementi. Dijetetski suplementi su namirnice koje dopunjuju normalnu ishranu i predstavljaju koncentrovane izvore nutrijenata (vitamina, minerala i drugih supstanci sa hranljivim ili fiziološkim efektom), a u prometu su u doziranim farmaceutskim oblicima dizajnirane da se uzimaju u odmerenim pojedinačnim količinama (kapsule, tablete, kapi i si). Ova kategorija namirnica je detaljno regulisana u SAD 1994. godine, a u EU harmonizacija propisa zemalja članica o dijetetskim suplementima još nije završena. U našoj regulativi ne postoji kategorija dijetetskih suplemenata, a u zavisnosti od sadržaja vitamina, minerala ili drugih nutrimenata svrstavaju se u dijetetske namirnice ili terapeutska sredstva. U periodu trudnoće i laktacije najšešće se suplementiraju folna kiselina i gvožđe kao i drugi vitamini i minerali ukoliko se ne unose hranom u dovoljnim količinama, polinezasićene masne kiseline n-3 serije, dijetama vlakna i dr. Veoma je važno paziti da se ne prekorači preporučeni dnevni unos za neke liposloubilne vitamine, naročito vitamin A, koji u većim dozama može da ima teratogeno dejstvo. Dijetetski suplementi na bazi biljnih preparata čiji sastojci mogu da utiču na plod, koagulaciju, tonus uterusa, hormonski status i dr. (npr. preparati ginka, žen-šena, peršuna, glicirize, fitoestrogeni soje) ili koji nisu dovoljno ispitani, ne preporučuju se u trudnoći. Potrebno je da trudnice i dojilje budu dovoljno edukovane i pravilno informisane o sastojcima preparata i značaju suplementacije pojedinih nutrimenata da bi same, ili uz pomoć farmaceuta u apoteci, mogle da odaberu dijetetske suplemente koji će najadekvatnije da zadovolje njihove specifične potrebe

Interakcije hrane i lekova za lečenje depresije i anksioznih poremećaja

Interactions between food drugs for depression and anxiety are very complex and not yet completely investigated. Besides direct interactions that can enhance, decrease or modify the medication action, food can effect medication kinetics, as well as drugs can affect nutrient kinetics. There are four main levels where these interactions take place: 1. digestive tract (physical and chemical interactions); 2. liver (influence on metabolism in liver); 3. system circulation (competition for carriers); and 4. renal elimination (competition for tubular reapsorption). The way of preparation of food (smoked meet, p.e.), environmental influences (smoke, additives, pesticides) and the relation between macronutrients in diet can affect the drug metabolism. Alcohol has drastic influence on metabolism of some drugs, primarily neuropharmacologicaly active. Hypertensive crisis when MAO inhibitors and tyramine containing food (cheese, beer, vine, yeast) can be very dangerous. Some of these drugs have effect on food intake and nutritional status. It is very important for experts of bromatology, dietetics, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics to devote the part of theirs activities to the problem of food and medication interactions to determine correct drug dose and adequate diet for obtain the best therapeutic effect.Odnosi između hrane i lekova za lečenje depresije i anksioznih poremećaja su kompleksni i još uvek nisu dovoljno i sveobuhvatno ispitani. Njihove interakcije mogu da promene terapeutske efekte i toksičost lekova, ali i lekovi mogu da deluju na apsorpciju i metabolizam sastojaka hrane. I način pripreme hrane (npr. dimljeno meso) može da utiče na metabolizam leka, a takođe i supstance koje su u hranu došle iz spoljašnje sredine (dim, aditivi, pesticidi i sl.). Alkohol drastično utiče na metabolizam mnogih lekova, naročito neurofarmakoloki aktivnih, a veoma opasna je interakcija između inhibitora MAO i hrane koja sadrži tiramin (sir, pivo, vino, kvasac). Način ishrane tj. odnos makronutrijenata u dijeti takođe utiče na metabolizam nekih od ovih lekova. Potrebno je da bromatolozi, dijetetičari, famakolozi i farmakokinetičari deo svoje aktivnosti posvete i ovim problemima da bi se odredilo pravilno doziranje leka i odgovarajuća dijeta u cilju postizanja što boljeg terapeutskog efekta

TRAFFIC IN CITIES

Promet u gradovima čest je problem koji pogađa mnoge ljude u svijetu. Posljednjih desetak godina taj je problem sve izraženiji, ali ne samo u pojedinim državama već u cijelom svijetu. Najvažnija promjena koja se događa povećana je urbanizacija koja je sve intenzivnija. Mnogo je čimbenika koji pridonose prometu u gradovima, a najvažniji su rastuća populacija, ograničene cestovne infrastrukture te velik broj vozila na cestama. Suvremeni gradovi suočavaju se s mnogim prometnim teškoćama te je zato u tim gradovima nužna suvremenija organizacija prometne infrastrukture. S jedne strane, zagušenost i spor promet u gradovima mogu dovesti do brojnih problema, uključujući dulje vrijeme putovanja, povećano onečišćenje zraka i smanjenu produktivnost. Dok s druge strane, sigurnost gradskog prometa mora biti od važnosti za pješake i bicikliste, budući da su oni osjetljiviji na promet u gradovima. U ovom radu analizirat će se neki od navedenih problema gradskoga prometa, ali i ponuditi rješenja koja bi mogla pomoći u njihovu otklanjanju. Za rješavanje problema prometa u gradovima postoji niz vrlo praktičnih rješenja. Jedno je rješenje poboljšati opcije javnog prijevoza, primjerice autobusa, vlakova i podzemne željeznice, kako bi bili što pristupačniji, učinkovitiji i praktičniji. Drugo je rješenje izgradnja biciklističkih staza i infrastrukture prilagođene pješacima kako bi se potaknulo ljude da hodaju ili da voze bicikl umjesto automobile. Ostala rješenja za smanjenje prometa u gradovima uključuju zajedničko korištenje automobila i dijeljenje vožnje, promicanje upotrebe električnih vozila, električnih bicikala ili električnih romobila.Traffic in cities is a common problem affecting many people worldwide. In the last ten years, this problem has become more and more pronounced, not only in certain countries but all over the world. The most striking change that is happening is the increased urbanization that is gaining momentum. Many factors contribute to traffic in cities, the most important of which are the growing population, limited road infrastructure, and the large number of vehicles on the roads. Modern cities face many traffic difficulties, which is why a current organization of transport infrastructure is necessary for these cities. On one hand, congestion and slow traffic in cities can lead to several problems, including longer travel times, increased air pollution, and reduced productivity. On the other hand, the safety of city traffic must be necessary for pedestrians and cyclists, since they are more vulnerable participants in traffic in cities. This paper will describe some of the mentioned problems of city traffic but also offer solutions that will help in their elimination. There are a number of solutions that can be implemented to solve traffic problems in cities. One solution is to improve public transport options such as buses, trains, and subways, to make them more accessible, efficient, and practical. Another solution is to create bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure to encourage people to walk or bike instead of driving. Other solutions to reduce traffic in cities include car sharing and ride sharing, promoting the use of electric vehicles, electric bicycles, or electric romobiles (pogo sticks)

Upotreba dijetetskih suplemenata kod dece

Dietary supplements are foodstuffs the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet and which are concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, marketed in dose forms (capsules, tablets, drops of liquid, etc) designed to be taken in measured small unit quantities. This food category is well regulated in USA, while in EU harmonization of the laws on food supplements of member states is not finished yet. In our regulations there is no category of dietary supplements and they are classified according to the quantities of nutrients other as dietetic foods or as drugs. Dietary supplements for children are specially prepared, concerning both specific composition and adequate pharmaceutical formulation. Information and education of parents about constituents of these products, as well as of importance of supplementation of particular nutrients is very important that they can, alone or with the help of pharmacist, choose most adequate dietary supplements that can fulfill specific nutritional requirements of their child.Dijetetski suplementi su namirnice koje dopunjuju normalnu ishranu i predstavljaju koncentrovane izvore nutrijenata (vitamina, minerala i drugih supstanci sa hranljivim ili fiziološkim efektom), a u prometu su u doziranim farmaceutskim oblicima dizajnirane da se uzimaju u odmerenim pojedinačnim količinama (kapsule, tablete, kapi i si). Ova kategorija namirnica je detaljno regulisana u SAD 1994. godine, a u EU harmonizacija propisa zemalja članica o dijetetskim suplementima još nije završena. U našoj regulativi ne postoji kategorija dijetetskih suplemenata. U zavisnosti od sadržaja vitamina, minerala ili drugih nutrimenata svrstavaju se u dijetetske namirnice, pomoćna lekovita sredstva ili terapeutska sredstva. Dijetetski suplementi za odojčad i decu su posebno pripremljeni u pogledu specifičnog sastava hranljivih sastojaka i u pogodnom farmaceutskom obliku prilagođenom uzrastu, da bi deca mogla lako da ih konzumiraju. Potrebno je da roditelji budu dovoljno edukovani i pravimo informisani o sastojcima preparata i značaju suplementacije pojedinih nutrimenata da bi sami ili uz pomoć farmaceuta u apoteci mogli da odaberu dijetetske suplemente koji će najadekvatnije da zadovolji specifične potrebe njihovog deteta

Interakcije hrane i antibiotika

Interactions between food and antibiotics are very complex and not yet completely investigated. Antibiotics are considered as relatively safe drugs, but some interactions with food can have serious impacts. Direct interactions can enhance, modify or decrease the medication action (i.e. interaction of tetracyclines and hinolones with milk). Food can affect antibiotic kinetics, as well as some antibiotics can affect nutrient kinetics. There are four main levels where these interactions take place: 1. digestive tract (physical and chemical interactions); 2. liver (influence on metabolism in liver); 3. system circulation (competition for carriers); and 4. renal elimination (competition for tubular reapsorption). Disulfiram-like reaction can occur when alcohol is consumed during the therapy with some antibiotics (cephalosporins, metronidasol and chloramphenicol). General recommendation is to avoid alcohol drinks during the therapy with antibiotics. It is very important for experts of bromatology, dietetics, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics to devote the part of theirs activities to the problem of food and medication interactions to determine correct drug dose and adequate diet for obtain the best therapeutic effect.Odnosi između hrane i antibiotika su kompleksni i još uvek nisu dovoljno i sveobuhvatno ispitani. Iako se antibiotici smatraju relativno bezbednim lekovima, ipak njihova istovremena upotreba sa nekim sastojcima hrane može dovesti do brojnih neželjenih interakcija. Ove interakcije mogu da smanje koncentraciju antibiotika u plazmi (npr. inhibicija apsorpcije tetraciklina i hinolona kada se uzimaju s mlekom), kao i da oštete izvesne organe (npr. jetru ili bubrege). Opšte je prihvaćeno mišljenje da za vreme uzimanja antibiotika treba u potpunosti izbegavati alkoholna pića. Potrebno je da bromatolozi, dijetetičari, famakolozi i farmakokinetičari deo svoje aktivnosti posvete i ovim problemima da bi se odredilo pravilno doziranje leka i odgovarajuća dijeta u cilju postizanja što boljeg terapeutskog efekta

Alergeni u hrani - preosetljivost na hranu i sastojke namirnica

Adverse reactions to food which occur only in susceptible individuals may result from true physical hypersensitivity to components of foods or from psychological factors. Non-allergic food hypersensitivity may be due to a metabolic defect in the affected individual, while in food allergy immune mechanism is involved. Food allergy can be further subdivided into IgE-mediated food allergy and non-IgE-mediated food allergy, depending on the underlying allergic mechanism. Most cases of confirmed food allergy involve the production of IgE antibodies and a network of interactions between various cell types and chemical mediators. This type of allergic reaction is known as an IgE-mediated allergy (or a type I hypersensitivity reaction), and it produces immediate symptoms. The most severe form of IgE-mediated allergy is systematic answer known as anaphylaxis that can be fatal in the absence of adequate medical help. Other less severe allergy manifestations are symptoms like swelling, itching, redness and heat in the mouth, gut, skin or respiratory tract. Hypersensitivity to food requires special dietary treatment, but total exclusion of some foods from the diet can be very difficult, because of the wide distribution of some foodstuffs in the diet or their presence as impurities in other foods. It is very important that producers have good systems of control, traceability and labeling of possible presence of food allergens in order to help people with food allergies to conduct their restrictive diets that are in most cases their lifelong treatment.Reakcije na hranu koje se manifestuju samo kod malog broja osetljivih osoba mogu da se podele na reakcije psihološke intolerancije (averzija i sl.) i na reakcije prave fiziološke preosetljivosti na određene namirnice ili sastojke hrane. Reakcije preosetljivosti dalje se klasifikuju na nealergijske reakcije preosetljivosti, koje mogu da budu posledica nepoznatih mehanizama ili metaboličkih abnormalnosti, i alergije na hranu koje su injicirane imunološkim mehanizmima. Najveći broj potvrđenih alergija na hranu uključuje produkciju IgE antitela i lanac interakcija između određenih tipova ćelija i hemijskih medijatora. Ova vrsta alergijskih reakcija označava se kao IgE-posredovana alergija ili reakcija preosetljivosti tipa I. Simptomi se javljaju vrlo brzo nakon unošenja određene namirnice, a najopasniji, ali na sreću vrlo redak, jeste sistemski odgovor (anafilaksa) koji može da ima fatalni ishod ukoliko se u kratkom roku ne pruži odgovarajuća medicinska pomoć. Simptomi alergije na hranu mogu da budu gastrointestinalni (otok usana i grla, mučnina, povraćanje, abdominalni bolovi, dijareja i dr.), respiratorni (bronhospazam, astma, rinitis) i dermatološki (svrab, eritem, urtikaria, ekcem, konjunktivitis). Preosetljivost na hranu zahteva poseban dijetalni tretman. Restriktivne dijete mogu biti relativno lake za sprovođenje ukoliko se radi o alergenima koji nisu prisutni u velikom broju namirnica npr. preosetljivost na kikiriki ili susam. Međutim, neke od njih, kao što je dijeta bez glutena veoma su teško sprovodljive zbog velikog broja namirnica koje mogu da sadrže gluten žitarica, bilo kao sastojak ili kao onečišćenje. Zbog toga je važno da proizvođači namirnica imaju dobre sisteme kontrole i sledljivosti i da pravilno označe moguće prisustvo potencijalnih alergena kako bi pomogli preosetljivim osobama u striktnom sprovođenju restriktivnih dijeta, koje su često i njihov doživotni tretman

TRAFFIC IN CITIES

Promet u gradovima čest je problem koji pogađa mnoge ljude u svijetu. Posljednjih desetak godina taj je problem sve izraženiji, ali ne samo u pojedinim državama već u cijelom svijetu. Najvažnija promjena koja se događa povećana je urbanizacija koja je sve intenzivnija. Mnogo je čimbenika koji pridonose prometu u gradovima, a najvažniji su rastuća populacija, ograničene cestovne infrastrukture te velik broj vozila na cestama. Suvremeni gradovi suočavaju se s mnogim prometnim teškoćama te je zato u tim gradovima nužna suvremenija organizacija prometne infrastrukture. S jedne strane, zagušenost i spor promet u gradovima mogu dovesti do brojnih problema, uključujući dulje vrijeme putovanja, povećano onečišćenje zraka i smanjenu produktivnost. Dok s druge strane, sigurnost gradskog prometa mora biti od važnosti za pješake i bicikliste, budući da su oni osjetljiviji na promet u gradovima. U ovom radu analizirat će se neki od navedenih problema gradskoga prometa, ali i ponuditi rješenja koja bi mogla pomoći u njihovu otklanjanju. Za rješavanje problema prometa u gradovima postoji niz vrlo praktičnih rješenja. Jedno je rješenje poboljšati opcije javnog prijevoza, primjerice autobusa, vlakova i podzemne željeznice, kako bi bili što pristupačniji, učinkovitiji i praktičniji. Drugo je rješenje izgradnja biciklističkih staza i infrastrukture prilagođene pješacima kako bi se potaknulo ljude da hodaju ili da voze bicikl umjesto automobile. Ostala rješenja za smanjenje prometa u gradovima uključuju zajedničko korištenje automobila i dijeljenje vožnje, promicanje upotrebe električnih vozila, električnih bicikala ili električnih romobila.Traffic in cities is a common problem affecting many people worldwide. In the last ten years, this problem has become more and more pronounced, not only in certain countries but all over the world. The most striking change that is happening is the increased urbanization that is gaining momentum. Many factors contribute to traffic in cities, the most important of which are the growing population, limited road infrastructure, and the large number of vehicles on the roads. Modern cities face many traffic difficulties, which is why a current organization of transport infrastructure is necessary for these cities. On one hand, congestion and slow traffic in cities can lead to several problems, including longer travel times, increased air pollution, and reduced productivity. On the other hand, the safety of city traffic must be necessary for pedestrians and cyclists, since they are more vulnerable participants in traffic in cities. This paper will describe some of the mentioned problems of city traffic but also offer solutions that will help in their elimination. There are a number of solutions that can be implemented to solve traffic problems in cities. One solution is to improve public transport options such as buses, trains, and subways, to make them more accessible, efficient, and practical. Another solution is to create bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure to encourage people to walk or bike instead of driving. Other solutions to reduce traffic in cities include car sharing and ride sharing, promoting the use of electric vehicles, electric bicycles, or electric romobiles (pogo sticks)

Prisutnost brezovog potkornjaka bjelikara (Scolytus ratzeburgi) u Hrvatskoj

Bark beetles are one of the most important groups of forest pests and in recent years several bark beetle species have significantly impacted two biogeographic regions in Croatia. The Birch bark beetle (Scolytus ratzeburgi) is the only Scolytus species known to infest birch (Betula spp.) and is a potential threat to birch trees in Croatia but its presence has not been recorded for over 100 years. Here we review historical records of this species and examine several forest stands of Silver birch (B. pendula). The last published record of Birch bark beetle was from 1913 and entomological collections from Croatia only have specimens from neighboring countries. Examination of Silver birch forest stands discovered five new locations of Birch bark beetle with signs of its attack. This species in Croatia has a low population density in forests and urban areas. Impacts of this species may be minimal, but research on this bark beetle should not be neglected since it represents valuable part of entomofauna in Croatia. Further research in Croatia should target fungal relationships with this species in order to determine whether the bark beetle spreads tree pathogenic fungi. Assessment of possible long-term mortality trends across the southern range edge of Silver birch and the presence of the Birch bark beetle merits further attention.Potkornjaci su jedna od najvažnijih skupina šumskih štetnika, a u posljednjih nekoliko godina zabilježene su štete od istih u dvije biogeografske regije Hrvatske. Smrekov pisar (Ips typographus) na području alpinske i mediteranski potkornjak (Orthotomicus erosus) na području mediteranske regije ukazali su na njihovu važnost. Brezov potkornjak bjelikar (Scolytus ratzeburgi) je jedina vrsta iz roda Scolytus kojoj su domaćini vrste iz roda Betula spp. te kao takva može predstavljati potencijalnu opasnost u Hrvatskoj. Prisutnost ove vrste je vidljiva po rupicama na kori, ispod kojih se nalazi materinski hodnik (Slika 2), a mužjak i ženka se razlikuju po količini dlaka na prednjem dijelu glave te po izbočini na zadku (Slika 1). Kako bi utvrdili prisutnost brezovog potkornjaka bjelikara na području Hrvatske, u ovom radu je napravljen pregled povijesnih zapisa (entomološke zbirke i literatura) i sastojina obične breze (B. pendula). Na terenu su sakupljeni uzorci (trupčići) na kojima je uočena prisutnost brezovog potkornjaka bjelikara te je napravljena laboratorijska analiza. Pregledom literature utvrđen je posljednji zabilježeni pronalazak brezovog potkornjaka bjelikara od prije više od 100 godina (1913. godina), a primjerci u entomološkim zbirkama potječu iz susjednih zemalja. Terenski pregled sastojina obične breze utvrdio je pet novih lokacija na kojima je vidljiva prisutnost brezovog potkornjaka bjelikara (Slika 3; Tablica 1). Gustoća populacije ove vrste u šumskim i urbanim područjima Hrvatske je niska, ali bez obzira na tu činjenicu brezov potkornjak bjelikar predstavlja važan dio entomofaune Hrvatske. Nastavak istraživanja trebao bi razjasniti povezanost brezovog potkornjaka bjelikara s patogenim gljivičnim bolestima i foretičkim grinjama s obzirom na moguće promjene na južnom rubu područja rasprostranjenja obične breze

Fazi relacijske jednačine i nejednačine i njihova primena u analizi podataka

The subject of this thesis is the development of algorithms for computing the greatest solutions to systems of fuzzy relational equations and inequalities and application of these solutions in the analysis of one-mode and multi-mode fuzzy social networks. In addition, some problems of finding structural similarities (regular equivalences) between the actors of various networks have been considered, and have been employed for determination of connected positions in these networks

Dobro balansirana dijeta u regulaciji telesne mase

Obesity is a serious chronic disease of a complex etiology Optimal nutrition is very important in managing obesity. Optimal balance of nutrients and energy intake decrease are of the most importance. Of special concern is fat intake, and nature of carbohydrates, preferably of low-glicemic index. There are also available on the market dietary products for weight reduction, representing well balanced mixture of nutrients replacing one or whole daily meal. Promoting regular physical activity and healthy eating and creating an environment that supports these behaviors can reduce epidemic of obesity.Gojaznost je vrlo ozbiljno hronično oboljenje i posledica je i neadekvatne ishrane. Pravilno balansiranje nutrijenata i smanjenje energetskog unosa predstavljaju osnov dobro dizajnirane dijete namenjene regulaciji telesne mase. Od posebnog značaja je kontrolisati unos masti, a kod ugljenih hidrata posebnu pažnju treba obratiti na prirodu ugljenih hidrata. Preporučuju se složeni ugljeni hidrati, kao i ugljeni hidrati niskog glikemijskog indeksa. Mogu se koristiti i dijetetski proizvodi - hrana za osobe na dijeti za mršavljenje koji predstavljaju dobro izbalansirane namirnice koje zamenjuju jedan obrok ili kompletnu dnevnu ishranu. Savetovanje fizičke aktivnosti i pravilne ishrane predstavljaju osnovu za smanjenje epidemije gojaznosti