772 research outputs found

    Endocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Innate Immune Responses: A Dissertation

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    In this dissertation, the roles of endocytosis and phagocytosis pathways in a variety of clinically relevant scenarios were examined. These scenarios include antibody-mediated internalization of cell surface proteins, titanium wear-particle uptake in failed joint replacements, and polymeric microparticle uptake and immune responses for drug delivery or adjuvant use. The use of antibodies specific for cell surface proteins has become a popular method to deliver therapeutics to target cells. As such, it is imperative to fully understand the ability of antibodies to mediate internalization and endosomal trafficking of the surface protein that it recognizes, so that drug delivery can be optimized. By comparing the internalization and endosomal localization of two different antibody-bound proteins, the transferrin receptor (TfR) and rabies G, we have found that there is a specific antibody-mediated internalization pathway that occurs when an antibody binds to a cell surface protein. Interestingly, the internalization pathway induced by antibody binding is different than that seen with recycling receptor internalization after ligand binding. This may have broad implications for the future development of antibody-based therapeutics. Joint replacement failure is a major clinical problem. Studies have indicated that a large amount of metal and polyethylene wear debris is found in the synovial membrane and tissue surrounding failed replacements. Through examination of the immune response following uptake of titanium particles, our results suggest that titanium wear-particle induced inflammation and subsequent joint replacement failure may be due to activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to increased IL-1ß secretion and IL-1 associated signaling. These findings introduce IL-1 as a target for potential therapeutics for patients exhibiting significant inflammation. Polymeric microparticles have been widely used in a variety of therapeutic applications, including drug delivery and vaccine adjuvants. It is essential to understand the ability of such particles to either activate or inhibit an immune response following uptake. Through comparison of particles with varying surface morphology, we have determined that particles with regions of high surface curvature (budding) are more immunogenic than particles with low surface curvature (spherical). Budding particles were more rapidly phagocytosed and induced higher levels of the inflammasome-associated cytokine, IL-1ß, when exposed to mouse macrophages. Additionally, budding particles induced a more rapid neutrophil response in vivo, when compared to spherical particles. These findings have broad implications for the development of future targeting vehicles for delivery of vaccines, drugs, proteins, and siRNA therapeutics

    Drivers of Demand for Imported Horticultural Commodities: A Cross-Country Comparison

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    International trade of horticultural commodities is increasingly important in many regions of the world, yet relatively little research has studied import patterns of key horticultural crops. Using data between 1991 and 2005, we find that import demand for horticultural commodities in developed countries has been driven primarily by prices and the level of trade openness while income and diet considerations were more important in emerging countries. Furthermore, our results show that the determinants of import demand differed across the selected crops, and therefore information can be lost if data for horticultural commodities are aggregated.Emerging markets, Horticultural commodities, Import demand, International trade, International Relations/Trade, Marketing, Q10, Q13, Q17,

    Import Demand for Horticultural Commodities in Developed and Emerging Countries

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    International trade of horticultural commodities is increasingly important in many regions of the world, yet import patterns of key horticultural crops are understudied in the agricultural economics literature. Using data between 1991 and 2005, we estimate the drivers of per capita import demand for six of the most highly traded horticultural commodities. The own price elasticity estimates were negative in all import demand models and, in most cases, the effects were statistically stronger for importers in emerging countries. Import demand for horticultural commodities in developed countries has been driven primarily by prices and the level of trade openness while income and diet considerations were more important in emerging countries. Furthermore, our results show that the determinants of import demand differed across the six models, and therefore, information can be lost when data for horticultural commodities are aggregated.Emerging markets, Horticultural commodities, Import demand, International trade, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, Q17,

    Évaluation des impacts anatomique et dosimĂ©trique des mouvements induits par la respiration

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    Les collections de littérature jeunesse à contenu LGBTQ dans les bibliothÚques publiques québécoises : portrait et évaluation

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    Cette Ă©tude dresse le portrait des collections de littĂ©rature jeunesse Ă  contenu LGBTQ dans les bibliothĂšques publiques quĂ©bĂ©coises afin de dĂ©terminer si la population est bien servie Ă  cet Ă©gard, peu importe le lieu et la taille de la collectivitĂ©. Pour ce faire, nous avons adoptĂ© une approche qualitative et utilisĂ© la mĂ©thode de l’évaluation par liste. Ainsi, les collections de 41 bibliothĂšques publiques municipales ont Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©es au moyen d’une liste de vĂ©rification de 38 titres de littĂ©rature jeunesse Ă  contenu LGBTQ publiĂ©s de 2003 Ă  2018. Les donnĂ©es recueillies ont fait l’objet d’une analyse statistique surtout descriptive. À l’instar d’études antĂ©rieures sur les collections des bibliothĂšques canadiennes et amĂ©ricaines, la prĂ©sente recherche a montrĂ© que le niveau de prĂ©sence de la littĂ©rature jeunesse Ă  contenu LGBTQ varie considĂ©rablement selon les bibliothĂšques et que la taille des populations, l’importance des collections et le budget consacrĂ© aux livres ne suffisent pas Ă  expliquer toutes les fluctuations. L’analyse des donnĂ©es a aussi permis de rĂ©vĂ©ler que les romans Ă  contenu LGBTQ destinĂ©s aux ados Ă©taient beaucoup plus susceptibles de figurer dans les collections que les albums et les premiers romans destinĂ©s aux enfants. De plus, l’analyse a montrĂ© que le thĂšme de l’homosexualitĂ© masculine Ă©tait largement reprĂ©sentĂ© dans les collections, tandis que celui de l’homoparentalitĂ© Ă©tait considĂ©rablement sous-reprĂ©sentĂ©. Pourtant, selon les donnĂ©es recueillies, les albums pour enfants sur le thĂšme de l’homoparentalitĂ© sont justement le type de matĂ©riel qui Ă©tait le plus empruntĂ© dans les bibliothĂšques au moment de l’étude. Cette Ă©tude exploratoire ne permet pas de conclure avec certitude que les collections de littĂ©rature jeunesse Ă  contenu LGBTQ dans les bibliothĂšques quĂ©bĂ©coises sont suffisantes et appropriĂ©es. Toutefois, la comparaison des rĂ©sultats obtenus avec ceux d’autres recherches suggĂšre que, dans l’ensemble, les bibliothĂšques quĂ©bĂ©coises font plutĂŽt bien Ă  cet Ă©gard.The purpose of this study is to examine the stocks of young adult and children’s literature collections with LGBTQ content made available in QuĂ©bec public libraries to determine whether the population is sufficiently provided for, regardless of the location and size of the city or town where they live. To carry out this research project, we used the checklist evaluation method. Collections from a sample of 41 municipal public libraries were thus examined, using a checklist of 38 young adult and children’s literature titles with LGBTQ content, published from 2003 to 2018. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis. As with previous studies of Canadian and American public library collections, this research has shown that the level of presence of young adult and children’s literature with LGBTQ content varies considerably in all libraries, and that the size of populations, the size of collections and the budgets for printed books can’t explain all the fluctuations. Data analysis also revealed that novels with LGBTQ content for teenagers were much more likely to be held in collections than early readers’ novels and children’s picture books. The results have also shown that male homosexuality as a theme is well represented in the collections, while same sex parenthood is significantly underrepresented. However, according to the data, the picture books for children on the topic of same-sex parenthood are exactly the type of material which was the most borrowed in the sampled libraries at the time of the study. This exploratory study alone does not entirely support the conclusion that collections of young adult and children’s literature with LGBTQ content in QuĂ©bec public libraries are sufficient and appropriate. However, comparing results from this research to those from other researches suggests that, overall, Quebec libraries seem to be doing well in this regard

    Import Demand for Horticultural Commodities in Developed and Emerging Countries

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    WP 2008-24 December 2008JEL Classification Codes: Q17International trade of horticultural commodities is increasingly important in many regions of the world, yet import patterns of key horticultural crops are understudied in the agricultural economics literature. Using data between 1991 and 2005, we estimate the drivers of per capita import demand for six of the most highly traded horticultural commodities. The own price elasticity estimates were negative in all import demand models and, in most cases, the effects were statistically stronger for importers in emerging countries. Import demand for horticultural commodities in developed countries has been driven primarily by prices and the level of trade openness while income and diet considerations were more important in emerging countries. Furthermore, our results show that the determinants of import demand differed across the six models, and therefore, information can be lost when data for horticultural commodities are aggregated

    Conscience morphologique et habiletés d'orthographe chez les enfants du premier cycle du primaire ayant des difficultés en langage écrit : une étude d'intervention

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    Quel enfant ne s’est jamais cassĂ© la tĂȘte sur la finale muette d’un mot? La morphologie et les accords grammaticaux qu’elle implique sont encodĂ©s dans une multitude de mots du français et constituent un des grands dĂ©fis de l’apprentissage de l’orthographe. Elle s’avĂšre d’autant plus complexe et obscure pour les Ă©lĂšves ayant des difficultĂ©s Ă  manipuler la structure des mots, c’est Ă  dire ayant de faibles habiletĂ©s de conscience morphologique. Afin d’aider ces enfants, cette recherche s’intĂ©resse Ă  l’intervention sur cette habiletĂ© langagiĂšre comme facilitateur de l’apprentissage de l’orthographe. Une intervention professionnelle a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©e et offerte Ă  des enfants quĂ©bĂ©cois de 2e annĂ©e du 1er cycle ayant des difficultĂ©s en langage Ă©crit. Celle-ci s’est avĂ©rĂ©e efficace, c’est-Ă -dire qu’elle a menĂ© Ă  une amĂ©lioration significative et durable des compĂ©tences en orthographe des Ă©lĂšves ciblĂ©s. La conscience morphologique pouvant aussi ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©e dans l’enseignement de l’orthographe en classe, une formation ponctuelle a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e, toujours dans le cadre de cette recherche, et son actualisation s’est faite via l’infrastructure sociotechnique de l’École Ă©loignĂ©e en rĂ©seau. Cette formation a menĂ© Ă  une prise de conscience des enseignants quant au recours Ă  des connaissances en morphologie dans leurs pratiques quotidiennes pour l’enseignement de l’orthographe. À la lumiĂšre des rĂ©sultats obtenus, il importe de dĂ©velopper et mettre en place des interventions ciblĂ©es sur la morphologie et ses relations avec l’écriture des mots pour le dĂ©veloppement optimal des habiletĂ©s d’orthographe des enfants tout-venant et en difficultĂ©. Celles-ci peuvent s’inscrire tant dans l’action professionnelle d’intervenants spĂ©cialisĂ©s que dans un enseignement en salle de classe, et ce, dĂšs la 2e annĂ©e du 1er cycle

    Communauté de pratique, technologie et réponse à l'intervention en compréhension de lecture pour le développement de pratiques enseignantes soutenant les habiletés langagiÚres réceptives chez les enfants de milieux défavorisés

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    DĂšs le 2e cycle, les Ă©lĂšves relĂšvent divers dĂ©fis en comprĂ©hension de lecture (CL) dont la rĂ©ussite repose sur leurs habiletĂ©s langagiĂšres. Pour ce faire, les enseignants ont un rĂŽle incontournable Ă  jouer pour les amener Ă  devenir des lecteurs stratĂ©giques qui comprennent bien ce qu’ils lisent. Ce rĂŽle est d’autant plus important pour les Ă©lĂšves issus de milieux dĂ©favorisĂ©s qui sont fortement Ă  risque de prĂ©senter des difficultĂ©s langagiĂšres. Toutefois, les enseignants se sentent peu outillĂ©s pour favoriser le dĂ©veloppement de la CL chez ces enfants. La communautĂ© de pratique (CoP) ÉCRIT a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e et mise en place sur la plateforme Web d’École en RĂ©seau (ÉER). Elle a menĂ© des enseignantes du primaire Ɠuvrant auprĂšs d’une clientĂšle dĂ©favorisĂ©e Ă  comprendre et Ă  appliquer nombre de notions sur le langage et son rĂŽle dans la CL, en termes de connaissances, stratĂ©gies d’enseignement et comportements Ă  adopter. Prises de conscience, initiatives pĂ©dagogiques et intĂ©gration de nouvelles pratiques pĂ©dagogiques en classe ont Ă©tĂ© au rendez-vous. Selon le regard des enseignants, une modification des pratiques qui inclue un soutien plus explicite des habiletĂ©s langagiĂšres a des rĂ©percussions positives sur la rĂ©ussite scolaire des Ă©lĂšves, leur motivation et leur participation. Ainsi, l’instauration d’une CoP orientĂ©e sur les habiletĂ©s langagiĂšres et la CL s’avĂšre un levier puissant pour outiller les enseignants dans leurs enseignements auprĂšs des Ă©lĂšves et ainsi soutenir le dĂ©veloppement de pratiques pĂ©dagogiques reconnues optimales par la recherche. Dans le cadre d’une approche RĂ©ponse Ă  l’Intervention, telle que prĂ©conisĂ©e par le MEES, ce moyen permet de contribuer Ă  l’amĂ©lioration continue de la qualitĂ© de l’enseignement en salle de classe (palier 1)

    Multi-image flock size estimation with CountEm: A casestudy with half a million Common Eiders and Greater Snow Geese

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    Many of the methods used for estimating population size from ecological surveys have limitations on precision, cost, and/or applicability. The CountEm method was proposed recently for estimating the number of individuals in large groups from single images. It is simple and efficient, and can be applied to any species. Here we present a case study by applying CountEm to a real ecological survey with 278 images of Greater Snow Geese (Anser caerulescens atlanticus) and Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) flocks taken from fixed-wing aircraft in Eastern Canada. First, we evaluated the precision and counting time of CountEm on single images. Second, we developed and tested a new multi-image version of the CountEm software. We show that flock sizes of N?>?35,000 can be estimated on single images in ?5 min, from counting a sample of ?200 birds, yielding relative SEs in the 5%?10% range. Processing times increased to 10?20?min when simultaneously processing large numbers of images that contained over half a million birds with only modest increases in relative SE (range: 10%?15%). Our results suggest that CountEm may be used to save time and resources if incorporated into monitoring programs that utilize imagery in the abundance estimates.Proyecto Puente (Contrato Programa Gobierno de Cantabria-Universidad de Cantabria), ConsejerĂ­a de Universidades, Igualdad, Cultura y Deporte del Gobierno de Cantabri
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