Relative Risks And Tempo Of Childbearing In Early Birth Intervals: A Comparative Study Of The Dominican Republic And Trinidad And Tobago

This study explains and compares the variations in the relative risks and tempo of first, second and third order births among women from the Dominican Republic and Trinidad and Tobago. In Trinidad and Tobago, Indians have unique cultural traditions that are known to affect their fertility behaviour. Thus, the study also focuses on the Indian and Non-Indian women from Trinidad and Tobago.;Data are obtained from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) that were conducted in the Dominican Republic during 1986 and in Trinidad and Tobago during 1987. A standard core questionnaire permitted comparisons between the fertility behaviour of women from the two countries. The respective samples consisted of 7648 and 3806 women aged 15-49 years. Since these women have different cohort experiences that can influence variations in their risks and tempo of childbearing, the study examines the variations in fertility of women from three different birth cohorts.;Proportional hazards techniques are used to estimate the relative risks while cumulative distribution functions are indicative of the tempo or pace of childbearing. These two dimensions of fertility behaviour have been assessed according to selected covariates associated with specific proximate determinants, demographic characteristics, behavioural practices, psychological traits, environmental factors, socioeconomic status and religious composition. These covariates, and in particular, the relative risks, permit the identification of a set of attributes that can expose women to relatively high or relative low risks of first, second and third births.;For the covariates of interest to this study, the relative risks are found to be generally consistent with theoretical expectations. In the low risk groups, Dominicans are observed to have the highest tempo of childbearing, thus providing additional support for the higher fertility levels in the Dominican Republic. In the high risk groups, and especially at higher parities, Indians are observed to have the highest tempo of childbearing. With respect to women belonging to the young and intermediate cohorts, comparative assessments of the tempo of second and third order births seem to support recent claims of declining fertility levels among Indians in Trinidad and Tobago. First births occur slowest among Non-Indian women when compared to Dominicans and Indians

Acquiring the Mental Lexicon Through Sensorimotor Category Learning

We report the electrophysiological correlates of learning a new category through either direct sensorimotor experience (E) or verbal definition (V). (1) Ss who successfully learned to categorize and name via E all showed an increasing late positivity in their ERPs; Ss who failed to learn did not. (2) All successful E learners could also state the rule verbally; nonlearners could not. (3) The increasing late positivity began to appear and increase only beginning with those trials in which the learners had discovered and could state the rule verbally. (4) When the nonlearners were told the rule verbally in a second phase of training (V), thereby making them able to categorize and name, they too displayed the late ERP positivity. (5) The positivity was present once the rule was told to the Ss, even if the subsequent training was without feedback, whether their training trials were easy or difficult, and even when Ss failed to categorize correctly; surprisingly, the positivity was there even when categorization was impossible (i.e., the rule did not distinguish the textures). (6) Ss thought they were not doing too badly even in the impossible condition, and even when they were given feedback indicating they were performing at chance level (50%). (7) An early ERP negativity emerged in Ss who were given false positive feedback (80%) under the impossible condition. We conclude that learners, whether they learned from experience or from a verbal definition, apply the rule mentally, and mental rule application is what the late ERP positivity reflects

Happiest People Alive: An Analysis of Class and Gender in the Trinidad Carnival

Many of the marketing strategies inherent to the modern version of the Trinidad Carnival include texts that represent Trinidadians as young, fit, bikini-wearing, party enthusiasts. In these advertisements, Trinidadians are often characterized as carefree and welcoming to anyone participating in the much-anticipated annual festival. However, dominant narratives highlight certain groups and cultural aspects of the island while frequently masking several inequalities. They cleverly conceal other narratives and therefore marginalize groups and individuals from the very festival that is understood by many as a national symbol. Through informal participant-observation, and an analysis of some of the main promotional material, in particular popular carnival websites, and entertainment pages on social networking sites, several inequalities are illuminated. This thesis critically analyses the ways in which Carnival as a commodity disenfranchises some natives and reproduces notions of race, class, and gender in a national context

Synthèse des développements récents en analyse régionale des extrêmes hydrologiques

L’estimation adéquate des événements hydrologiques extrêmes (événements de conception) est primordiale en raison des risques importants associés à une connaissance insuffisante de ces événements. Dans les sites où l’on dispose de peu ou même d’aucune information hydrologique, on a recours aux méthodologies d’estimation régionale pour l’estimation des extrêmes hydrologiques. De nombreuses méthodologies ont été développées durant les dernières années pour améliorer l’estimation régionale de la distribution des extrêmes hydrologiques. Cet article présente une synthèse exhaustive des derniers développements en matière d’analyse hydrologique régionale. Une discussion dégage les directions principales de ces développements récents, met en évidence les défis majeurs en matière d’analyse régionale pour les années futures et évoque des pistes prometteuses de travaux de recherche afin de répondre à ces nouveaux défis.Adequate estimation of extreme hydrological variables is essential for the rational design and operation of a variety of hydraulic structures, due to the significant risk that is associated with these activities. Local frequency analysis is commonly used for the estimation of extreme hydrological events at sites where an adequate amount of data is available. However, data are usually only collected at a relatively limited number of sites. In practice, it frequently happens that little or no streamflow data is available at a site of interest (where a dam is to be constructed for example). In such cases, hydrologists can utilize a regional flood frequency procedure, relying on data available from other basins with a similar hydrologic regime.Various methods have been developed over the last few years for the regional analysis of extreme hydrological events. These regionalization approaches aim to estimate different characteristics of the extreme hydrological phenomena of interest, make different assumptions and hypotheses concerning these hydrological phenomena, rely on various types of data, and often fall under completely different theories. The present paper aims to review and classify recent developments in regional frequency analysis of extreme hydrological variables.The specific objectives of the paper are to: i) review the main recent developments in regional hydrologic modeling that have been proposed during the last few years; ii) classify these developments into different groups according to the theoretical background of the method, its specific objectives, and the characteristics of hydrological extreme phenomena it is intended to deal with; iii) propose a comprehensive discussion of these methods, and point out the hypotheses, limitations, data requirements, and potential of each one; iv) identify the new challenges facing engineers in terms of regional frequency analysis of hydrological extremes; and v) propose potential promising directions for future research work which aim to meet these new challenges.Recent developments reviewed in the present paper include improvements in classical approaches for regional delineation and for information transfer, methods combining the delineation and estimation steps, seasonality-based methods, multivariate models for regional frequency analysis, the QdF approach, non stationary models, and approaches for the combination of local and regional data. The paper provides also a discussion of the various hydrological variables treated with regional estimation methodologies, comparative studies of these methodologies, and practical tools that were developed for regional frequency analysis. It is hoped that this document will contribute towards closing the gap between theory and practice, by narrowing the wide body of literature that is available, and by providing comprehensive propositions for regional frequency analysis approaches that meet the new challenges facing hydrologic engineers

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery to Four Brainstem Lesions After Whole Brain Radiation Therapy

Our patient was a 58-year-old female with a history of extensive stage small cell lung cancer initially diagnosed in November 2018. She received palliative radiation to the right hip and whole brain in December of 2018 and then received chemotherapy. Unfortunately, in October 2019, the repeat brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed recurrent lesions and she was referred for Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS). At the time of the treatment, she was found to have four brainstem lesions as well as a left frontal lobe and a right frontal lobe lesion. She completed GKRS to all six lesions without any neurological complications seen in her short-term follow-up. This case report adds to the growing body of literature showing safety of GKRS for multiple brainstem lesions

Acquiring the Mental Lexicon Through Sensorimotor Category Learning

We report the electrophysiological correlates of learning a new category through either direct sensorimotor experience (E) or verbal definition (V). (1) Ss who successfully learned to categorize and name via E all showed an increasing late positivity in their ERPs; Ss who failed to learn did not. (2) All successful E learners could also state the rule verbally; nonlearners could not. (3) The increasing late positivity began to appear and increase only beginning with those trials in which the learners had discovered and could state the rule verbally. (4) When the nonlearners were told the rule verbally in a second phase of training (V), thereby making them able to categorize and name, they too displayed the late ERP positivity. (5) The positivity was present once the rule was told to the Ss, even if the subsequent training was without feedback, whether their training trials were easy or difficult, and even when Ss failed to categorize correctly; surprisingly, the positivity was there even when categorization was impossible (i.e., the rule did not distinguish the textures). (6) Ss thought they were not doing too badly even in the impossible condition, and even when they were given feedback indicating they were performing at chance level (50%). (7) An early ERP negativity emerged in Ss who were given false positive feedback (80%) under the impossible condition. We conclude that learners, whether they learned from experience or from a verbal definition, apply the rule mentally, and mental rule application is what the late ERP positivity reflects

The Timing of a Conscious Decision. From Ear to Mouth

RP onset occurs earlier with a fixed interval, repeated spontaneous voluntary movement. When \ud averaged on the stimulus’ onset, this motor preparation precedes the presentation of the repeated digit (hence, presumably also the decision to respond) in the fixed rate condition, but follows it when the timing is not predictable. though this does not necessarily mean that RP onset does not precede the decision to respond in both conditions

Les aménagements gagnants d'une CLAAC : ce qu'en disent les étudiants

Comprend des références bibliographiques