Nouveaux mécanismes de régulation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G : lien entre complexes protéiques, localisation et signalisation

Thèse diffusée initialement dans le cadre d'un projet pilote des Presses de l'Université de Montréal/Centre d'édition numérique UdeM (1997-2008) avec l'autorisation de l'auteur

Analyse stochastique de signaux multi-fractaux et estimations de paramètres

Le mouvement brownien fractionnaire (MBF) défini par Mandelbrot et Van Ness (1968) est utilisé dans de nombreuses situations. Mais, de part sa définition, il ne peut modéliser que des processus de R à valeurs dans R. Pour étudier des radiographies d'os afin de déterminer si une personne est atteinte ou non de l'ostéoporose, nous avions besoin d'un champ défini sur R2 à valeurs dans R. Nous avons donc généralisé le MBF et construit le drap brownien fractionnaire (DBF) dépendant de deux paramètres a et b. Nous avons montré que ce champ, comme le MBF, était auto-simulaire, à accroissements stationnaires. Puis nous avons défini des estimateurs de ces paramètres et construit un test d'auto-similarité en utilisant des techniques d'Istas et Lang (1997) comme le fait Bardet (1999) pour le MBF. Ce test d'auto-similarité nous a permis de montrer que les radiographies d'os ne possédaient pas cette propriété. En collaboration avec A. Ayache, nous avons défini un nouveau champ : le drap brownien multifractionnaire (DBM), non auto-similaire, en substituant aux paramètres a et b des fonctions höldériennes comme l'ont fait Lévy-Vehel, Peltier (1995) ou Bénassi, Jaffard, Roux (1997) pour le MBF. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux propriétés locales de ce champ, puis nous avons construit des estimateurs des fonctions a et b afin d'appliquer ce nouveau modèle à la caractérisation de l'ostéoporose.ORLEANS-BU Sciences (452342104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Rapid Evolution of HERC6 and Duplication of a Chimeric HERC5/6 Gene in Rodents and Bats Suggest an Overlooked Role of HERCs in Mammalian Immunity

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HDV-Like Viruses

International audienceHepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective human virus that lacks the ability to produce its own envelope proteins and is thus dependent on the presence of a helper virus, which provides its surface proteins to produce infectious particles. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was so far thought to be the only helper virus described to be associated with HDV. However, recent studies showed that divergent HDV-like viruses could be detected in fishes, birds, amphibians, and invertebrates, without evidence of any HBV-like agent supporting infection. Another recent study demonstrated that HDV can be transmitted and propagated in experimental infections ex vivo and in vivo by different enveloped viruses unrelated to HBV, including hepatitis C virus (HCV) and flaviviruses such as Dengue and West Nile virus. All this new evidence, in addition to the identification of novel virus species within a large range of hosts in absence of HBV, suggests that deltaviruses may take advantage of a large spectrum of helper viruses and raises questions about HDV origins and evolution

Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus Receptor NTCP Reveals Differential Pathogenicities and Species Specificities of Hepadnaviruses in Primates, Rodents, and Bats

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Enterobacteria and host resistance to infection

International audienceEnterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria. Although many species exist as part of the natural flora of animals including humans, some members are associated with both intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. In this review, we focus on members of this family that have important roles in human disease: Salmonella, Escherichia, Shigella, and Yersinia, providing a brief overview of the disease caused by these bacteria, highlighting the contribution of animal models to our understanding of their pathogenesis and of host genetic determinants involved in susceptibility or resistance to infection

Species delineation and genetic structure of two Chaerephon species ( C. pusillus and C. leucogaster ) on Madagascar and the Comoro archipelago

Cryptic species diversity is known to be common in bats but remains challenging to study in these mammals, whose natural history traits render their sampling and monitoring challenging. For these animals, indirect genetic approaches provide a powerful tool to gain insight into the evolutionary history and ecology of cryptic bat species. The speciation history of the polyphyletic Chaerephon pumilus species group (Molossidae) is poorly understood, including those found on western Indian Ocean islands. Two species in this complex have been identified in the Comoros: C. pusillus and C. leucogaster. Here, we aim to genetically characterize these two species and investigate their spatial population genetic structure. Analyzing five nuclear microsatellite markers from 200 individuals and one mitochondrial DNA gene (Cyt‐b) from 161 (out of the 200) individuals sampled on Madagascar and the Comoros, our findings indicated that these species are genetically differentiated. We observed mitonuclear discordance in numerous individuals (33% of the 161 (mt)DNA‐sequenced individuals). Based on ABC analyses, we found that this pattern could potentially be the result of asymmetric introgressive hybridization from C. leucogaster to C. pusillus and calls for further studies on the demographic history of these species. Moreover, at the intra‐specific level, analyses of the microsatellite loci suggested the evidence of a more pronounced, although weak, geographically based genetic structure in C. pusillus than in C. leucogaster. Altogether, our findings provide preliminary insights into the eco‐evolutionary aspects of this species complex and warrant further research to understand hybridization dynamics and mechanisms responsible for mitonuclear discordance