Analyse ergonomique de l’activité de conduite moto lors de la pratique de l’inter-files en région parisienne

Cet article présente une analyse en contexte naturel des comportements de conduite de motocyclistes lors de leurs trajets domicile-travail en région parisienne. Elle se focalise sur la pratique des motards qui consiste à circuler entre les files de voitures, classiquement appelée « inter-files », et qui reste pour l’heure sans analyse scientifique approfondie. Dans une approche ergonomique, 11 motocyclistes ont conduit pendant un mois avec un véhicule équipé de caméras. Les enregistrements vidéo ont permis la description des contextes de conduite ainsi que la tenue d’entretiens d’auto-confrontation. Les résultats portent sur la description de leur activité de conduite, le poids de l’inter-files dans leurs déplacements quotidiens et l’analyse des éléments organisateurs de leurs comportements. Ces résultats sont discutés sur le plan de la compréhension de la pratique de l’inter-files et sur le plan de l’enrichissement des situations existantes : ils questionnent la possibilité d’une législation sur les remontées de files et montrent les intérêts de la formation à cette pratique.This paper presents a naturalistic study of how motorcyclists behave whilst commuting in the Paris region. The study focuses on lane-splitting which consists in riding between traffic lanes. This phenomenon has never been subjected to any detailed scientific analysis. In an ergonomic study, for one month 11 motorcyclists drove a motorbike equipped with cameras. The video recordings and the conduct of self-confrontation interviews enabled the description of the driving contexts. The results concern the description of the motorcyclists’ activity, the importance of lane-splitting in their daily journeys, and the study of the organizing elements of their behaviors. These results are discussed in terms of a better understanding of lane-splitting and in terms of the improvement of the existing situations: the data question the possibility of a law regarding this practice and demonstrate the utility of training

Gaze Behavior During Simulated Driving: Elements for a Visual Driving Aid

Analyses of optic flow due to observer self-motion and analyses ofthe driver’s gazing behavior during curve driving have suggested that the driverhas a tendency to look at a location close to the tangent point on the inside edge ofthe road. Psychophysical experiments have further demonstrated that this visualstrategy can be partly explained as an optimization of information pick-up. Themain objective of the present study was to investigate, in an interactive simulationcontext, if this perceptual strategy might be used to define a visual aid for curvedriving. In the framework of the French ARCOS project (Research action forsecure driving; www.arcos2004.com), we used a mini-simulator developed byINRETS (MSIS-CIR group) in collaboration with FAROS company, with twomain original characteristics: (1) during curve driving, the tangent point can becalculated and inserted in the visual scene in real-time and (2) a real-time eyerecordingsystem (EYELINK,® SMI) allows us to evaluate the relationshipsbetween driving performance, gaze direction and the on-line presentation of thetangent point

Former à la conduite moto

Les motocyclistes novices constituent une population vulnérable en termes de sécurité routière. Les efforts scientifiques pour comprendre les phénomènes associés à cette population sont encore limités. L’étude présentée porte sur la formation initiale à la conduite de motocyclette et repose sur deux hypothèses fondatrices : l’optimisation de la formation à la conduite permet de réduire l’accidentalité et la connaissance des contenus réellement enseignés peut faire évoluer la formation. Les contenus d’enseignement ont été analysés systématiquement au cours d’une étude menée en situation réelle de formation. Des observations et verbatim ont été recueillis pour l’ensemble de la formation d’un motard et complétés par des observations menées dans trois autres écoles de conduite. Les résultats montrent la relative pauvreté des situations observées : la survalorisation de l’enseignement d’habiletés « fermées » au détriment d’habiletés de conduite plus « ouvertes », la focalisation sur des habiletés rarement mobilisées en situation de conduite réelle et la répétition à l’excès des situations d’examen. Des pistes d’amélioration de la formation initiale sont proposées en discussion.Novice motorcyclists are vulnerable people as regards road safety. The scientific efforts made to understand the phenomena associated with that group of people are still limited. The study herein focuses on initial motorcycle training and is based on two founding assumptions: optimizing riding can reduce accident hazards, and studying what is really taught can lead to better training courses. The teaching content has been systematically analyzed as part of a study made from real teaching situations. Observations and remarks have been gathered all through the motorcycle rider training and completed by observations done in three other driving schools. The results show the relative poverty of the observed teaching situations: overrating the teaching of ‘closed’ skills to the detriment of more ‘open’ riding skills, focusing on skills that are rarely used when riding a bike, and repeating exam situations to excess. Ways to better the initial training are suggested for discussion.Die Fahranfänger bilden in Sachen Verkehrssicherheit eine verletzbare Gruppe. Die wissenschaftlichen Anstrengungen, um die mit dieser Gruppe verbundenen Erscheinungen zu verstehen, sind noch begrenzt. Vorliegende Forschungsarbeit befasst sich mit der Erstausbildung zum Motorradfahren und beruht auf zwei Gründungshypothesen: die Optimierung der Fahrausbildung kann erlauben, die Unfallquote zu senken und die Analyse von dem, was wirklich unterrichtet wird, kann erlauben, die Ausbildung zu verbessern. Die Unterrichtsinhalte wurden bei einer reellen Ausbildungssituation systematisch analysiert. Beobachtungen und die worttreue Wiedergabe wurden für die gesamte Ausbildung eines Motorradfahrers gesammelt und durch in drei anderen Fahrschulen gemachte Beobachtungen ergänzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen den relativen Mangel an beobachteten Ausbildungssituationen: die Überbewertung des Unterrichts von „geschlossenen“ Geschicklichkeiten auf Kosten „offener“ Fahrgeschicklichkeiten, die Zentrierung auf Geschicklichkeiten, die in reeller Fahrsituation selten mobilisiert werden und die im Überma wiederholten Prüfungssituationen. Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten der Erstausbildung werden vorgeschlagen.Los motoclistas novatos constituyen una población vulnerable en términos de seguridad por carretera. Los esfuerzos científicos para entender los fenómenos asociados a esta población siguen siendo limitados. El estudio presentado aquí concierne la formacón inicial a la conducción de motocicleta y descansa sobre dos hipótesis fundadoras: la optimización de la formación a la conducción puede permitir reducir la accidentalidad y el estudio de lo que realmente se enseña puede permitir mejorar la formación. Los contenidos de enseñanza han sido analizados sistemáticamente durante un estudio realizado en situación real de formación. Unas observaciones y verbatim han sido recogidos relativamente al conjunto de la formación de un motorista y completados por informaciones realizadas en otras tres escuelas de conducción. Los resultados evidencian la relativa pobreza de las situaciones de formación observadas: la sobrevaloración de la enseñanza de habilidades « cerradas » en detrimento de habilidades de conducción más « abiertas », la focalización sobre habilidades realizadas con poca frecuencia en situación de conducción real, y la repetición excesiva de situaciones de exámenes. Se propone discutir sobre algunas pistas para mejorar la formación inicial

Case study of the real contents delivered in French motorcycle schools

This study is concerned initial motorcycle training delivered in motorcycle schools in France. Novice motorcyclists are a particularly vulnerable group of road users in Europe and in France. However, scientific attempts to achieve a better understanding of their behaviors have been limited. The potential value of studying initial motorcycle training, both for research purposes and with regard to public policy, is readily apparent. The aims of this paper are to describe the real educational content of training in motorcycle schools and analyze to what extent this content is related to riding after licensing. A case study of all the training process of one trainee (38 hours) was carried out in real world. Audiovisual recordings and interview data of the rider and instructors were collected at each session. This study was supplemented by ethnographic observations of the educational content provided in three motorcycle schools throughout the instructors’ working days. The results that merged from both studies show (1) the riding skills that were fostered (i.e. control skills, and especially emergency skills, in stable and restricted environments) and undervalued (i.e. hazard perception skills, everyday skills) during initial training, and (2) the poverty of observed training settings: learners spend almost all their training time riding in the same setting that is used in the test. In addition to being repeated to excess, these settings are quite different from the real traffic. These results are discussed regarding the scientific literature on motorcycle education. The conclusion presents the implications of these results for public policy in order to design a future rider training system. Document type: Articl

Large scale collaborative autonomous vehicle simulation and analysis using smartphones

Simulation appears as an indispensable tool for automotive manufacturers to validate autonomous vehicle development, this latter reported to require billions of miles of driving. To involve the end users in this validation process, a project of large scale public application on smartphone allowing them to test and submit specific use cases, is presented in this paper. A first version of this application “3DAV Explore” has been released and is already available, allowing users to see in Virtual Reality traffic scenarios in subjective view from the autonomous vehicle and/or from an exterior view. This paper details more deeply the development steps and the libraries used for the second version of this application. Further development steps and implications are also detailed in the conclusion

Extended Driving Impairs Nocturnal Driving Performances

Though fatigue and sleepiness at the wheel are well-known risk factors for traffic accidents, many drivers combine extended driving and sleep deprivation. Fatigue-related accidents occur mainly at night but there is no experimental data available to determine if the duration of prior driving affects driving performance at night. Participants drove in 3 nocturnal driving sessions (3–5am, 1–5am and 9pm–5am) on open highway. Fourteen young healthy men (mean age [±SD] = 23.4 [±1.7] years) participated Inappropriate line crossings (ILC) in the last hour of driving of each session, sleep variables, self-perceived fatigue and sleepiness were measured. Compared to the short (3–5am) driving session, the incidence rate ratio of inappropriate line crossings increased by 2.6 (95% CI, 1.1 to 6.0; P<.05) for the intermediate (1–5am) driving session and by 4.0 (CI, 1.7 to 9.4; P<.001) for the long (9pm–5am) driving session. Compared to the reference session (9–10pm), the incidence rate ratio of inappropriate line crossings were 6.0 (95% CI, 2.3 to 15.5; P<.001), 15.4 (CI, 4.6 to 51.5; P<.001) and 24.3 (CI, 7.4 to 79.5; P<.001), respectively, for the three different durations of driving. Self-rated fatigue and sleepiness scores were both positively correlated to driving impairment in the intermediate and long duration sessions (P<.05) and increased significantly during the nocturnal driving sessions compared to the reference session (P<.01). At night, extended driving impairs driving performances and therefore should be limited

Effects of Time of Day and Sleep Deprivation on Motorcycle-Driving Performance

The aim of this study was to investigate whether motorcycle handling capabilities – measured by means of the efficiency of emergency manoeuvres – were dependent on prior sleep deprivation and time of day. Twelve male participants voluntarily took part in four test sessions, starting at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m., following a night either with or without sleep. Each test session comprised temperature and sleepiness measurements, before three different types of motorcycling tests were initiated: (1) stability in straight ahead riding at low speed (in “slow motion” mode and in “brakes and clutch” mode), (2) emergency braking and (3) crash avoidance tasks performed at 20 kph and 40 kph. The results indicate that motorcycle control at low speed depends on time of day, with an improvement in performance throughout the day. Emergency braking performance is affected at both speeds by time of day, with poorer performance (longer total stopping distance, reaction time and braking distance) in the morning, and also by sleep deprivation, from measurements obtained at 40 kph (incorrect initial speed). Except for a tendency observed after the sleepless night to deviate from the initial speed, it seems that crash avoidance capabilities are quite unaffected by the two disturbance factors. Consequently, some motorcycle handling capabilities (stability at low speed and emergency braking) change in the same way as the diurnal fluctuation observed in body temperature and sleepiness, whereas for others (crash avoidance) the participants were able to maintain their initial performance level despite the high levels of sleepiness recorded after a sleepless night. Motorcycle riders have to be aware that their handling capabilities are limited in the early morning and/or after sleep deprivation. Both these situations can increase the risk of falls and of being involved in a road accident

Static H% _infinity Rider for Motorcycle roll stabilization

International audienc

Microscopic traffic simulation: towards a simulation including motorcyclists

No abstrac