The use of mangroves for aquaculture: Cambodia.

Natural conditions of the coastal and ecosystems of Cambodia have made this country rich of biodiversity resources. Cambodia’s 435 km coastline is covered with large estuaries with about 85,100 ha of mangrove forests (Nelson 1999). Even the coastline disadvantageously compares to that of other countries of the Southeast China Sea region, but its natural creations such as large and small bays, number of big and small inshore and off-shore islands, sea floor, oceanic current, freshwater rivers and streams, weather etc., support the diversification of all bio-resources. Fortunately, due to the fact that most Cambodians are interested in inland rather than coastal aquaculture, as well as suitable development management and conservation policies of the Government in the past, these natural habitats remained pristine until 1970. However, the habitats have been disturbed because of the various exploitation and development works for several decades during the wartime and even after, due to lack of managerial strategy. Cambodia had joined the Biodiversity Convention since February 1994, but until now, due to economic depression and poverty, the national awareness on the importance of biodiversity conservation is very limited. The crowded competition on exploitation of nature including coastal and marine resources, have been very aggressive in recent years that degraded the natural environment faster. Currently, many efforts and attempts by NGOs and international organizations have been made in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, to alleviate the marine and coastal resources pressures

"At-risk" or "Socially deviant"? Conflicting narratives and grassroots organizing of sex/entertainment workers and LGBT communities in Cambodia

Cambodia has experienced rapid economic development and increased globalization in the last two decades, which have influenced changes in sexual attitudes and politics. Yet deeply embedded patriarchal structures that promote adherence to traditional values, gender binaries, and sexual purity of women impede progress in the recognition of the rights of sex/entertainment workers and LGBT communities. Using the framework of sexual humanitarianism, this paper outlines the ways in which these constraints are compounded by two dominant conflicting narratives that place these groups as either at-risk and vulnerable or socially deviant, and deemed in need of interventions that protect and control. Drawing on over a decade of empirical research on the sex/entertainment industries, and broader gender/sexual landscape in Cambodia, as well as current social activism of the authors, this paper also describes the ways LGBT and sex worker communities are engaging in shared organizing and self-advocacy as strategies to address their needs and the consequences left in the wake of sexual humanitarian interventions. In order to contextualize their deeply-rooted legacy in Cambodia, the paper also provides an overview of past and contemporary gender/sexual norms and diversity, and concludes with a call for governments and policymakers to expand support for grassroots movements and to listen more closely to the voices of LGBT and sex worker communities so that the political and social needs of these groups can be addressed

THE SOCIETY OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTIVIY: ADDRESSING THE PRIVATE SECTOR SKILLS GAP IN CAMBODIA’S MIDDLE AND SENIOR LEVEL MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT: THE SOCIETY OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTIVIY: ADDRESSING THE PRIVATE SECTOR SKILLS GAP IN CAMBODIA’S MIDDLE AND SENIOR LEVEL MANAGEMENT The ASEAN Economic Community is set to come into full effect by the end of 2015. What this means is that there will be a free flow of skilled labor throughout the 10 ASEAN member states. For Cambodia, a country that is already facing a major skills gap, especially with its middle and senior level management, it will have to compete with skilled labor from 9 member states. Policy and political analysis will be used to examine data from publications in major newspapers in Cambodia and abroad, research from the major think tanks, international organizations, non-government organizations, conferences, surveys, and websites from Ministries of The Royal Government of Cambodia, in order to see whether funding a private training will address the skills gap in middle to senior level management. The results show mixed support and opposition for funding a private training company to train other businesses since many companies already have training departments. At the same time, small and medium enterprises still lack the capacity have their own training departments, and would benefit from training services. Despite the pros and cons for funding a private company to train middle to senior level managers, it is evident that training is needed. Although the effects of training cannot be easily measured, studies show that investing in training has a positive impact on the company and its net profits. Funding is necessary by the government in order to bolster support especially for small and medium enterprises that cannot afford training for their middle and senior level managers. Capstone Advisor: Professor Weinstein, Johns Hopkins Universit

Institutional and policy issues in the management of fisheries and coastal resources in Cambodia

Fishery management, Governments, Fishery policies, Resource conservation, Resource management, Cambodia,

RECA, un modèle d'aide à la décision dans le choix de matériaux constitutifs des réseaux d'assainissement

En vue des divers facteurs pesant sur le choix, développement d'un modèle dont la fonction-objectif est le coût de construction ; optimisation par programmation dynamique d'un système d'équations, prenant le trace et les débits comme données, résoluble sur microordinateur (IBM-PC), en rapport aux réglementations techniques en vigueur. 4 chapitres: - chap. 1 : méthodologie du choix des matériaux constitutifs des réseaux - chap. 2 : étude hydraulique des canalisations - chap. 3 : contrôle de stabilité des tuyaux enterrés - chap. 4 : caractéristiques fonctionnelles du modèle général

Enacting plurality in designing social innovation: Developing a culturally grounded twenty-first-century leadership programme for a Cambodian context

This chapter charts the development of an online leadership programme for young Cambodian entrepreneurs and managers. Culturally grounded practices are enacted in a context of designing social innovation, here paying particular attention to local practices, cultures and knowledge. The importance of anchoring leadership practices to familiar cultural and spiritual values is highlighted, and resources are created using local role models. The chapter advocates for a plurality of experiences when designing learning programmes to ensure that design’s universalist tendencies are not inadvertently recreated; this illustrates pluriversal ways of working that are central to designing culturally specific practices

Modelling climate change impacts on wet and dry season rice in Cambodia

Irregular rainfall, rising temperatures and changing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events are projected to reduce crop yields and threaten food security across the tropical monsoon sub-region. However, the anticipated extent of impact on crop yields and crop water productivity (CWP) is not yet thoroughly understood. The impacts of climate change on rice yields and CWP are assessed over the Northern Tonle Sap Basin in Cambodia by applying the AquaCrop model into the mid- (2041–2070) to long-future (2071–2099) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) (4.5 and 8.5). Short (95 days), medium (125 days) and long (155 days) cycle varieties are tested during the wet and dry seasons. An assessment of different sowing dates and irrigation strategies (fixed and net irrigation during the dry season) elucidated the variation in response to changing environmental conditions. Higher yields (+15% by 2041–2070 and +30% by 2071–2099) and CWP values (+42% by 2071–2099) are expected if using short-cycle varieties, in particular when sown in July. Dry season rice yields are also projected to increase (+28% by 2071–2099), especially under a higher greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP 8.5) compared to a medium emission scenario (RCP 4.5) as a result of the CO2 fertilization effect. Depending on the climatic scenario, rice variety, irrigation scheme, and sowing date, increasing heat and drought-stress conditions are likely to have different impacts on rice yields and CWP over time. Overall, this study highlights the benefits of adjusting crop calendars to identify the most suitable irrigation schedules and rice varieties to effectively adapt to projected future climate

Design of Emergency Position Reporting System for Disasters Using Amateur Radio and Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) as a Mobile Station Operator for Educational Purposes

The emergency position reporting system is proposed for disasters using amateur radio and Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) as mobile station operators for unexpected natural disasters after the Internet and mobile communication system infrastructure are destroyed surrounding the disaster areas. In this work, the objectives are to report and receive position information on emergency use with Amateur Radio and APRS as a Mobile Station Operator. The location tracking systems are used with amateur radio devices and implemented with APRS in the act of position reports. The position information is received from the smartphone’s Global Positioning System (GPS) using the offline mode to the APRS via Bluetooth network that is connected to transceivers. The transceiver used the dual-band Yagi antenna 145Mhz/435Mhz called Mobile Station Operator (MSO) as the APRS client using callsign. The MSO collected the location data sent to the Response Station Operator (RSO) that combined with APRS, transceivers, and antenna. The server system allowed data location information monitoring using a valid passcode from a licensed amateur radio operator and used strictly by the servers to validate the connection to the server application

Entomological outcomes of cluster-randomised, community-driven dengue vector-suppression interventions in Kampong Cham province, Cambodia

Cambodia has one of the highest dengue infection rates in Southeast Asia. Here we report quantitative entomological results of a large-scale cluster-randomised trial assessing the impact on vector populations of a package of vector control interventions including larvivorous guppy fish in household water containers, mosquito trapping with gravid-ovitraps, solid waste management, breeding-container coverage through community education and engagement for behavioural change, particularly through the participation of school children. These activities resulted in major reductions in Container Index, House Index, Breteau Index, Pupal Index and Adult Index (all p-values 0.002 or lower) in the Intervention Arm compared with the Control Arm in a series of household surveys conducted over a follow-up period of more than one year, although the project was not able to measure the longer-term sustainability of the interventions. Despite comparative reductions in Adult Index between the study arms, the Adult Index was higher in the Intervention Arm in the final household survey than in the first household survey. This package of biophysical and community engagement interventions was highly effective in reducing entomological indices for dengue compared with the control group, but caution is required in extrapolating the reduction in household Adult Index to a reduction in the overall population of adult Aedes mosquitoes, and in interpreting the relationship between a reduction in entomological indices and a reduction in the number of dengue cases. The package of interventions should be trialled in other locations

Fostering social innovation and building adaptive capacity for dengue control in Cambodia: a case study

Background: The social-ecological systems theory, with its unique conception of resilience (social-ecological systems & resilience, SESR), provides an operational framework that currently best meets the need for integration and adaptive governance as encouraged by the Sustainable Development Goals. SESR accounts for the complex dynamics of social-ecological systems and operationalizes transdisciplinarity by focusing on community engagement, value co-creation, decentralized leadership and social innovation. Targeting Social Innovation (SI) in the context of implementation research for vector-borne diseases (VBD) control offers a low-cost strategy to contribute to lasting and contextualized community engagement in disease control and health development in low and middle income countries of the global south. In this article we describe the processes of community engagement and transdisciplinary collaboration underpinning community-based dengue management in rural primary schools and households in two districts in Cambodia. Methods: Multiple student-led and community-based interventions have been implemented focusing on empowering education, communication for behavioral change and participatory epidemiology mapping in order to engage Cambodian communities in dengue control. We describe in particular the significance of the participatory processes that have contributed to the design of SI products that emerged following iterative consultations with community stakeholders to address the dengue problem. Results: The SI products that emerged following our interaction with community members are 1) adult mosquito traps made locally from solid waste collections, 2) revised dengue curriculum with hands-on activities for transformative learning, 3) guppy distribution systems led by community members, 4) co-design of dengue prevention communication material by students and community members, 5) community mapping. Conclusions: The initiative described in this article put in motion processes of community engagement towards creating ownership of dengue control interventions tools by community stakeholders, including school children. While the project is ongoing, the project's interventions so far implemented have contributed to the emergence of culturally relevant SI products and provided initial clues regarding 1) the conditions allowing SI to emerge, 2) specific mechanisms by which it happens and 3) how external parties can facilitate SI emergence. Overall there seems to be a strong argument to be made in supporting SI as a desirable outcome of project implementation towards building adaptive capacity and resilience and to use the protocol supporting this project implementation as an operational guiding document for other VBD adaptive management in the region