Optimization of nutrient media for glucoamylase production by Plackett-Burman design using Aspergillus niger

Background: Glucoamylase is an important enzyme produced by various bacterial and fungal species as an intracellular or extra cellular enzyme. It is used to treat gastrointestinal issues, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, psoriasis, allergies, eczema, emphysema and asthma, and thus, supplements are often included in complexes for digestive disorders and also applications in different industries. Methods: Natural ingredients are screened for glucoamylase production by stationary culture of solid-state fermentation technique and Plackett-Burman design microorganism used Aspergillus niger. Eight nutrient medias are designed and from this glucoamylase isolated from the medium by centrifugation at 1500 rpm and assayed by spectrophotometric method. Results: high glucoamylase levels are found in nutrient media VI with optimized physical conditions like percentage inoculum- 2%, pH- 6, incubation temperature- 400C upon incubation for 4 days. Conclusions: High amount of glucoamylase is produced in the media VI due to the presence of high amounts of sucrose and optimum concentration of potato, peptone, wheat bran and yeast extract

Biodegradation of the Azo Dye Airedale Yellow CHD: Understanding using residuals

Textile industries are heavy users of water and also produce lots of contaminated effluents. The main contaminants are azo dyes. Hence, the effluents are to be treated before leaving in the environment. In this study, the azo dye Airedale Yellow CHD was biodegraded using two bacteria Thalassospira frigidphilosprofundus (NCIM no 5438) and Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder (NCIM no 5213) in shaking conical flasks. Effect of Various parameters like pH, temperature, agitation, and concentration of dye solution on its decolorization was investigated. The biodegradation was statistically worked out using MINITAB software for the ANOVA. The residual plots along with the scatter plots for the decolorization of Airedale Yellow CHD using T. frigidphilosprofundus and E. chrysanthemi Burkholder are also obtained and included in this work. The maximum percent removal of the azo dye was obtained by using T. frigidphilosprofundus (77.41%) whereas it was reported at 74.64% by using E. chrysanthemi Burkholder. The obtained results formed a good fit according to the obtained normal residual plot which can conclude that the findings of the study are accurate and satisfactory

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING HPTLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF LINAGLIPTIN AND METFORMIN

Objective: A simple, precise, and accurate stability indicating high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of linagliptin and metformin active pharmaceutical ingredients and fixed dose combination.Methods: Linagliptin and metformin densitograms were developed on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates with acetone: methanol: chloroform: formic acid (3:1:5:1v/v) as the mobile phase. Densitometric quantification was performed at 230 nm.Results: For linagliptin and metformin RF values were found as 0.72 and 0.19, respectively. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness. The linearity curves were obtained in the concentration range of 100–600 ng per spot by area with correlation coefficients of 0.999 and 0.99 for linagliptin and metformin, respectively. Limit of detection was found to be 5.19 and 8.72 ng per spot for linagliptin and metformin, respectively; lowest possible quantity to be quantified by the proposed method was found to be 15.74 and 26.44 ng per spot for linagliptin and metformin, respectively. From stability studies, the noninterference of the linagliptin and metformin degradants with drugs demonstrated the suitability of the developed method.Conclusion: The developed method was validated and found to be selective, specific and suitable for application in pharmaceutical analysis of these drugs in bulk and fixed dose combination.Â

Predicting the Perceived Interest Of Objects in Images

This thesis presents an algorithm designed to compute the perceived interest of objects in images based on results of a psychophysical experiment. We measured likelihood functions via a psychophysical experiment in which subjects rated the perceived visual interest of over 1100 objects in 300 images. These results were then used to determine the likelihood of perceived interest given various factors such as location, contrast, color, luminance, edge-strength and blur. These likelihood functions are used as part of a Bayesian formulation in which perceived interest is inferred based on the factors. A block-based approach is also proposed which doesn't need segmentation and is fast-enough to be used in real-time applications. Our results demonstrate that our algorithm can perform well in predicting perceived interest.School of Electrical & Computer Engineerin

Management of Vatarakta (Gouty Arthritis) in Ayurveda - A Review

Vatarakta is a Vatapradhana Tridoshaja Vyadhi where Raakt is main Dushya. It is described under Vatavyadhi Chikitsa in Sushruta while Charaka has emphasised it in a separate chapter for Vatarakta after Vatavyadhi Chikitsa. It is a chronic and complex metabolic disorder of musculoskeletal system and characterised by severe pain, tenderness, inflammation and burning sensation in the affected joints. Vatarakta is an illness where in both Vata and Rakta are afflicted by distinct causative factors. The etiology, pathology and clinical features of Gouty Arthritis are quite similar to that of Vatarakta. Rapid modernization, Junk food culture, stressful life and urbanisation are the markers for prevalence of Vatarakta. Due to excruciating pain, inflammation, joint deformity and restricted joint movements with the risk of various complications like Chronic Kidney Disease and Urate Nephrolithiasis, it is necessary to have an overall review on all aspects of disease for treatment. Because of the morbidity, chronicity, incurability and complications, the management of Vatarakta is a difficult task. Hence an attempt has been made to focus on Shamana Aushadis and Shodhana procedures recommended in different authentic texts of Ayurveda. Evaluation of efficacy and framing certain guideline protocols for the budding Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchers as a readymade reckoner are the main aim and objectives of this review

SARAS 2: A Spectral Radiometer for probing Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization through detection of the global 21 cm signal

The global 21 cm signal from Cosmic Dawn (CD) and the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), at redshifts $z \sim 6-30$, probes the nature of first sources of radiation as well as physics of the Inter-Galactic Medium (IGM). Given that the signal is predicted to be extremely weak, of wide fractional bandwidth, and lies in a frequency range that is dominated by Galactic and Extragalactic foregrounds as well as Radio Frequency Interference, detection of the signal is a daunting task. Critical to the experiment is the manner in which the sky signal is represented through the instrument. It is of utmost importance to design a system whose spectral bandpass and additive spurious can be well calibrated and any calibration residual does not mimic the signal. SARAS is an ongoing experiment that aims to detect the global 21 cm signal. Here we present the design philosophy of the SARAS 2 system and discuss its performance and limitations based on laboratory and field measurements. Laboratory tests with the antenna replaced with a variety of terminations, including a network model for the antenna impedance, show that the gain calibration and modeling of internal additives leave no residuals with Fourier amplitudes exceeding 2~mK, or residual Gaussians of 25 MHz width with amplitudes exceeding 2~mK. Thus, even accounting for reflection and radiation efficiency losses in the antenna, the SARAS~2 system is capable of detection of complex 21-cm profiles at the level predicted by currently favoured models for thermal baryon evolution.Comment: 44 pages, 17 figures; comments and suggestions are welcom

Attenuation of Haemodynamic Response To Laryngoscopy And Intubation With Nitroglycerin

Background: Laryngoscopy and intubation are common procedures in anesthesia. Hemodynamic responses to mechanical stimulation of the laryngopharynx and tracheobronchial tree cause stimulation of sympathetic efferent fibres leading to an increased pressor response. We in the current study tried to evaluate the effect of nitroglycerine in the attenuation of hemodynamic responses due to laryngoscopy and intubation. Methods : Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria n=80 cases were divided into two groups Group A (n=40) control group and group B (n=40) study group randomly by computergenerated number. A detailed history is taken and a complete physical examination is performed and the presence of any medical disorder and history of drug intake was ruled out. All patients were screened by radiological, biochemical, and histological investigations, in addition to routine pre-operative ECG.Pre-medication, induction agent and muscle relaxant to facilitate intubation was standardized for both groups. Results: The parameters recorded in the control group at one minute showed hemodynamic values were increased. The difference of SBP with the study group was 14.75 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure by 5 mm Hg, mean blood pressure by 8.5 mm Hg, HR was 8 beats per minute al these values were pvalues <0.05 hence considered significant. At the end of three minutes, the comparison shows all the parameters SBP, DBP, MBP, HR, and RPP still increased significantly in the control group as compared to the test group. At the end of five minutes, all the parameters were found to still significantly higher in the control group (<0.05) as compared to the study group except for SBP change which was found not to be significant between both the groups. Conclusion: The study establishes the usefulness of intravenous Nitroglycerine to attenuate hemodynamic to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. The hemodynamic changes in the study group were well within the limits as compared to the control group. The study also shows that there were no incidences of adverse effects with nitroglycerine. Therefore, nitroglycerine must be considered for attenuation of hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy in cases where it is indicated

IMPACT OF ALCOHOL ON PANCREAS IN ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS

Objective: Prolonged hazardous drinking can result in progressive and irreversible damage to the pancreas gland. This occurs on the background of pancreatic inflammation, acinar atrophy and, ultimately, fibrosis and can result in significant exocrine and endocrine insufficiency. Withdrawal of alcohol at an early stage may arrest the process and, even when the condition is established, may reduce the number of inflammatory episodes and allow for better control of both exocrine and endocrine insufficiencies. This study is aimed to identify the impact of alcohol on the pancreas and to educate the patient about the importance of alcohol cessation. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in a multispecialty clinic in the gastroenterology department for a period of one month. 60 patients were involved in the study who were diagnosed with pancreatitis (acute or chronic). The data was obtained by directly communicating with the patients which consisted of demographics and social habits. Results: Among 60 patients, the male was dominant (85%) than female (15%). Majority of the patients were in the age group of 41-60 y (65%) followed by patients 2140 y of age (25%) and patients above 60 y of age (10%). Epigastric pain was the most common presenting complaint in all patients (67%) followed by vomiting (33%). Majority of the patients involved are alcoholics (60%). Conclusion: Proper attention to the health at the time of diagnosis of disease by alcohol cessation can prevent the progression of the disease and helps the patient to lead a healthy life

PENERAPAN SANKSI TERHADAP PENYELENGGARA JALAN DI JALAN K.H AHMAD DAHLAN KOTA PAYAKUMBUH BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 22 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN

ABSTRAK Reka Srivani Syara, (2022) : Penerapan Sanksi Terhadap Penyelenggara Jalan Di Jalan K.H Ahmad Dahlan Kota Payakumbuh Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan Angkutan Jalan. Setiap penyelenggara jalan harus dengan segera memperbaiki jalan rusak agar tidak menimbulkan korban kecelakaan lalu lintas. Apabila penyelenggara jalan tidak segera memperbaiki jalan yang rusak dan menimbulkan korban kecelakaan lalu lintas maka pemerintah terkait dapat dimintai pertanggung jawabannya sesuai Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 tentang lalu lintas dan angkutan umum. Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini yakni, mengenai penerapan sanksi terhadap penyelenggara jalan di jalan K.H Ahmad Dahlan Kota Payakumbuh berdasarkan UU No. 22 Tahun 2009 dan faktor-faktor yang menghambat penerapan sanksi terhadap penyelenggara jalan tidak berjalan sesuai ketentuan UU No. 22 Tahun 2009. Tujuan penelitian ini agar kedepannya pemerintah lebih tanggap dalam menjalankan tugasnya dan agar masyarakat mengetahui haknya yang terdapat dalam pasal 273 UU No. 22 Tahun 2009. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum empiris (sosiologis) yang bersifat deskriptif dengan memaparkan, gambaran tentang keadaan hukum yang berlaku di wilayah tertentu. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode analisa data secara kualitatif berdasarkan pendekatan sosiologis yang telah peneliti lakukan. Dari hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa, penerapan sanksi terhadap penyelenggara jalan di jalan K.H Ahmad Dahlan tidak terlaksana sesuai ketentuan UU No. 22 Tahun 2009 karena kondisi jalan tersebut hingga saat ini masih rusak. Hal ini terjadi kerena kurangnya koordinasi antar pemerintah yang berwenang, kendala dana, kondisi jalan dan faktor pengetahuan masyarakat. Kata Kunci : Penyelenggara Jalan, Penerapan Sanksi, UU No. 22 Tahun 2009