A CD31-derived peptide prevents angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis progression and aneurysm formation.

International audienceAIMS: The loss of the inhibitory receptor CD31 on peripheral T lymphocytes is associated with the incidence of atherosclerotic complications such as abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) in patients and plaque thrombosis in mice. However, we have recently discovered that a small fragment of extracellular CD31 remains expressed on the surface of the apparently 'CD31-negative' T-cells and that it is possible to restore the CD31-mediated T-cell inhibition in vivo by using a synthetic CD31-derived peptide. Here, we wanted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the peptide in an experimental model of accelerated atherosclerosis and AAA formation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The effect of the murine CD31-derived peptide (aa 551-574, 1.5 mg/kg/day, sc) was evaluated on the extent of atherosclerotic plaques and the incidence of AAA in 28-week-old apolipoprotein E knockout mice (male, n ≥ 8/group) submitted to chronic angiotensin II infusion. The therapeutic mechanisms of the peptide were assessed by evaluating its effect on immune cell functions in vivo and in vitro. The prevalence of angiotensin II-induced AAA correlated with the loss of extracellular CD31 on T-cells. CD31 peptide treatment reduced both aneurysm formation and plaque size (P < 0.05 vs. control). Protection was associated with reduced perivascular leucocyte infiltration and T-cell activation in vivo. Functional in vitro studies showed that the peptide is able to suppress both T-cell and macrophage activation. CONCLUSION: CD31 peptides could represent a new class of drugs intended to prevent the inflammatory cell processes, such as those underlying progression of atherosclerosis and development of AAA

Catalytic IgG from patients with hemophilia A inactivate therapeutic factor VIII

Factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitors are anti-FVIII IgG that arise in up to 50% of the patients with hemophilia A, upon therapeutic administration of exogenous FVIII. Factor VIII inhibitors neutralize the activity of the administered FVIII by sterically hindering its interaction with molecules of the coagulation cascade, or by forming immune complexes with FVIII and accelerating its clearance from the circulation. We have shown previously that a subset of anti-factor VIII IgG hydrolyzes FVIII. FVIII-hydrolyzing IgG are detected in over 50% of inhibitor-positive patients with severe hemophilia A, and are not found in inhibitornegative patients. Although human proficient catalytic Abs have been described in a number of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, their pathological relevance remains elusive. We demonstrate here that the kinetics of FVIII degradation by FVIIIhydrolyzing IgG are compatible with a pathogenic role for IgG catalysts. We also report that FVIII-hydrolyzing IgG from each patient exhibit multiple cleavage sites on FVIII and that, while the specificity of cleavage varies from one patient to another, catalytic IgG preferentially hydrolyze peptide bonds containing basic amino acids

How hepatitis C virus modifies the immunological profile of Sjögren syndrome: analysis of 783 patients.

Introduction: We conducted a study to analyze how infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) may influence the immunological serum pattern of patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS). Methods: Since 1994, we have tested serum HCV-IgG antibodies in 783 patients with SS diagnosed according to the 1993 European classification criteria. The immunological profile at diagnosis was compared according to the presence or absence of HCV. Results: Of the 783 patients with SS, 105 (13.4 %) tested positive for HCV-IgG antibodies (88 females, 17 males,mean age at SS diagnosis: 62.9 years). Multivariate analysis showed that patients with SS-HCV had a higher mean age and a higher frequency of low C3/C4 levels, cryoglobulins, and hematological neoplasia compared with patients without HCV. The frequency of anti-La antibodies compared with anti-Ro antibodies was higher in patients with SS-HCV (17 % vs. 15 %) and lower in patients without HCV infection (30 % vs. 43 %). The frequency of concomitant detection of the three main cryoglobulin-related markers (cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor activity, and C4 consumption) was threefold higher in patients with SS-HCV compared with patients without HCV. SS-HCV patients with genotype 1b showed the highest frequencies of immunological abnormalities related to cryoglobulins and the lowest frequencies of anti-Ro/La antibodies. Conclusions: We found HCV infection in 13 % of a large series of Spanish patients with SS. The HCV-driven autoimmune response was characterized by a lower frequency of anti-Ro/La antibodies, an abnormal predominance of anti-La among anti-Ro antibodies, and a higher frequency of cryoglobulinemic-related immunological markers in comparison with patients without HCV infection. This immunological pattern may contribute to the poor outcomes found in patients with SS-HCV

How hepatitis C virus modifies the immunological profile of Sjögren syndrome: analysis of 783 patients

Abstract Introduction: We conducted a study to analyze how infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) may influence the immunological serum pattern of patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS). Methods: Since 1994, we have tested serum HCV-IgG antibodies in 783 patients with SS diagnosed according to the 1993 European classification criteria. The immunological profile at diagnosis was compared according to the presence or absence of HCV. Results: Of the 783 patients with SS, 105 (13.4 %) tested positive for HCV-IgG antibodies (88 females, 17 males, mean age at SS diagnosis: 62.9 years). Multivariate analysis showed that patients with SS-HCV had a higher mean age and a higher frequency of low C3/C4 levels, cryoglobulins, and hematological neoplasia compared with patients without HCV. The frequency of anti-La antibodies compared with anti-Ro antibodies was higher in patients with SS-HCV (17 % vs. 15 %) and lower in patients without HCV infection (30 % vs. 43 %). The frequency of concomitant detection of the three main cryoglobulin-related markers (cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor activity, and C4 consumption) was threefold higher in patients with SS-HCV compared with patients without HCV. SS-HCV patients with genotype 1b showed the highest frequencies of immunological abnormalities related to cryoglobulins and the lowest frequencies of anti-Ro/La antibodies. Conclusions: We found HCV infection in 13 % of a large series of Spanish patients with SS. The HCV-driven autoimmune response was characterized by a lower frequency of anti-Ro/La antibodies, an abnormal predominance of anti-La among anti-Ro antibodies, and a higher frequency of cryoglobulinemic-related immunological markers in comparison with patients without HCV infection. This immunological pattern may contribute to the poor outcomes found in patients with SS-HCV

Viscum album Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effect by Selectively Inhibiting Cytokine-Induced Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2

Viscum album (VA) preparations are extensively used as complementary therapy in cancer and are shown to exert anti-tumor activities which involve the cytotoxic properties, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and several other immunomodulatory mechanisms. In addition to their application in cancer therapy, VA preparations have also been successfully utilized in the treatment of several inflammatory pathologies. Owing to the intricate association of inflammation and cancer and in view of the fact that several anti-tumor phytotherapeutics also exert a potent anti-inflammatory effect, we hypothesized that VA exerts an anti-inflammatory effect that is responsible for its therapeutic benefit. Since, inflammatory cytokine-induced cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of VA on regulation of cyclo-oxygenase expression and PGE2 biosynthesis by using human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549 cells) as a model. A549 cells were stimulated with IL-1β and treated with VA preparation (VA Qu Spez) for 18 hours. PGE2 was analysed in the culture supernatants by enzyme immunoassay. Expression of COX-2 and COX-1 proteins was analyzed by immunoblotting and the expression of COX-2 mRNA was assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. We found that VA Qu Spez inhibit the secretion of IL-1β-induced PGE2 in a dose-dependent manner. Further, we also show that this inhibitory action was associated with a reduced expression of COX-2 without modulating the COX-1 expression. Together these results demonstrate a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of VA preparations wherein VA exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting cytokine-induced PGE2 via selective inhibition of COX-2

Intervenous immunoglobulins as modulators of immune response (effect on T cell polarisation, pathogenicity and trafficking)

L activation dérégulée de lymphocytes T conduit à une réponse immune délétère envers les antigènes du soi. Malgré une utilisation croissante de doses élevées d IVIg pour traiter les maladies auto-immunes, la compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents aux bénéfices thérapeutiques demeure un enjeu majeur. En effet, les effets des IVIg restent inexplorés dans le cadre des maladies auto-immunes associées aux lymphocytes T. J ai recherché les effets de doses élevées d IVIg dans la polarisation des lymphocytes T en utilisant le modèle de l encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE), une maladie auto-immune associée aux lymphocytes T. Les IVIg inhibent la différenciation des lymphocytes T CD4+ naïfs en sous-populations effectrices (lymphocytes Th1 et Th17) et induisent, de manière concomitante, une prolifération des lymphocytes T Foxp3+. Les IVIg diminuent les effets délétères des lymphocytes T sur les tissus en diminuant l expression du GM-CSF et de la podoplanine. En outre, les IVIg empêchent la dégénérescence neuronale en inhibant l infiltrat en lymphocytes T CD4+ dans le système nerveux central (SNC). Ce mécanisme passe par une séquestration de ces lymphocytes dans les ganglions lymphatiques drainants à travers la voie de signalisation S1P-S1P1-mTor. De manière intéressante, et contrairement aux données actuelles, le récepteur inhibiteur FcgRIIB et la sialylation des IVIg ne sont pas indispensables pour la modulation des sous-populations de lymphocytes T CD4+ effecteurs et régulateurs induite par les IVIg. Ainsi, le bénéfice thérapeutique des IVIg dans le modèle de l EAE implique un déséquilibre de la balance entre les lymphocytes Th17/Th1 et les lymphocytes Trég, au profit des lymphocytes Trég. Ces cellules diminuent l expression de médiateurs favorisant l apparition de l encéphalomyélite et inhibent la migration des lymphocytes T vers l organe cibleDysregulated activation of T cells leads to pathogenic immune response to self-antigens. Despite an increasing use of high dose therapy of intravenous gammaglobulin (IVIg) in the treatment of T-cell and autoantibody-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, comprehension of the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic benefit has remained a major challenge. Particularly, the effect of IVIg in T cell mediated autoimmune conditions remains unexplored. I have investigated the effect of high dose IVIg on T cell polarization using actively induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T cell-mediated autoimmune condition. IVIg inhibits the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into effector subsets (Th1 and Th17 cells) and concomitantly induces an expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory cells. IVIg decreases the tissue damaging potential of pathogenic T cells by down regulating GM-CSF and podoplanin. Additionally, IVIg circumvents the neuronal damage by inhibiting the infiltration of CD4 T lymphocytes to the central nervous system by restraining their egress from the DLN through S1P-S1P1-mTOR pathway. Intriguingly and contrary to the current arguments, the inhibitory FcgRIIB and sialylation of IgG are dispensable for IVIg-mediated reciprocal modulation of effector and regulatory CD4 subsets. Altogether, therapeutic benefit of IVIg in EAE involves shifting the balance from Th17/Th1 towards Treg, down-regulating encephalitogenic mediators and inhibition of T cell trafficking to the target organPARIS-BIUSJ-Biologie recherche (751052107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Kill ‘Em All: Efgartigimod Immunotherapy for Autoimmune Diseases

International audienceNeonatal Fc receptors (FcRns) recycle IgGs by preventing their lysosome degradation. As this process also enhances half-life of pathogenic auto-IgG, inspired from the mechanisms of intravenous immunoglobulin, several inhibitors of IgG-FcRn interface have been conceived for treating autoimmune diseases. Among them, the high-affinity FcRn-binding engineered Fc molecule efgartigimod has recently completed phase I clinical trial