Aging affects stretch-induced p70S6k and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in fast- and slow-twitch muscle

In the present investigation we compare the expression, basal activation and the ability of muscle stretch to activate the p70S6k pathway in the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus of adult (6 mo. old), aged (30 mo. old) and very aged (36 mo. old) Fischer 344 x Brown Norway rats. Immunoblotting demonstrated that the tissue content of mTOR, p70S6k, 4E-BP1 and GSK-3β decreased in the EDL and soleus in aged rats, while SHP-2 increased in the EDL and decreased in the soleus when compared to adult rats. Basal phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 increased in both the muscles; however, basal phosphorylation of mTOR increased in EDL while it was decreased in the very aged soleus. Conversely, the basal phosphorylation of GSK-3β and SHP-2 decreased in both the muscles in aged rats. Twenty percent stretch of the EDL muscle increased phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, mTOR and GSK-3ß in younger rats and decreased the phosphorylation of these molecules in the older rats. The “mTOR”- mediated phosphorylation of p70S6k (THR 389) decreased in all the three age groups in the EDL, while “ERK1/2”- mediated phosphorylation of p70S6k (THR421/SER424) increased in all the three age groups in the EDL, but increased only in the aged in soleus. Conversely, SHP-2 phosphorylation decreased in the aged soleus. Taken together, these data imply that aging affects the expression, basal phosphorylation and mechanical regulation of different signaling molecules in the rat EDL and soleus

Biodiversity Consequences of Biofuel Production

The biodiversity impact of biofuels will depend on the biofuel crop and the previous land use. Biofuels can be beneficial to biodiversity when appropriate crops are grown in suitable areas. Conversion of protected areas is usually explicitly prohibited by sustainability standards, but many of these areas of high biodiversity importance fall outside of the protected area network. The paper examines research that investigates the impact on biodiversity; specifically, how the impact is measured as being dependent on the biofuel feedstocks, previous land use and agricultural practices employed and well-managed plantations. However, the paper also provides insights on the evidence that reveals that the cultivation of many of the biofuel feedstocks has a negative impact on biodiversity as a result of habitat conversion and the ‘off-farm’ impacts of pollution and soil erosion

Effect of Hall Current, Thermal Radiation, Dissipation and Chemical Reaction on Hydromagnetic Non-Darcy Mixed Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow Past a Stretching Sheet in the Presence of Heat Sources

We study the combined influence of Hall current, radiation  and dissipation on convective heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous electrically conducting g fluid past a stretching sheet. The equations governing the flow , heat and mass transfer have been solved by Galerkin finite element analysis with three nodded line segments. The velocity, temperature and concentration have been analysed for different values of m, N, F, g, Ec  and Q. The rate of heat and mass transfer on the plate has been evaluated numerically for different variations

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF ROLE OF PACHANA CHIKITSA W.S.R. TO ASRIGDARA

Various reports suggest that 30 to 50% of women in the reproductive age group suffer from excessive and irregular uterine bleeding by various causative factors. Various treatments prescribed in modern medicine like hormone therapy, antiprostaglandins and antifibrinolytic agents etc have not proved their definite efficacy inspite of high price and side effect, and lastly hysterectomy may lead to hormonal imbalance and psychological upset in young fertile women. Ayurveda considered the same as Asrigdara and Stambhana Chikitsa is the commonly prescribed management for this. But prior to Stambhana Chikitsa, Pachana Chikitsa is to be performed as without Amapachana, Stambhana Chikitsamay not show better efficacy. So a clinical trial was conducted on 30 Patients, who were divided in 2 groups, 15 patients in each. In Group A (Control group) Stambhana Chikitsa alone with Panchavalkala Kashaya was given and in Group B (Trial group) Stambhana Chikitsawith Panchavalkala Kashaya proceeded by Pachana Chikitsa with Guduchyadi Kashaya was given to patients for treatment. The present Study reveals, significant benefit in trial group to reduce symptoms of Asrigdara with a p-value of <0.001 in comparison with alone Stambhana Chikitsa

WATER EMISSION FROM EARLY UNIVERSE

The study of dusty star forming galaxies (DSFGs) is important to understand galaxy assembly in early universe. A bulk of star formation at $z sim 2-3$ takes place in DSFGs but are obscured by dust in optical/UV. However, they are extremely bright in far infrared (FIR) and submillimeter with infrared luminosities of $10^{11} - 10^{13} L_{odot}$. _x000d_ ALMA, with its high spatial and spectral resolution, has opened up a new window to study molecular lines, which are vital to our understanding of the excitation and physical processes in the galaxy. Carbon monoxide ($CO$) being the second most abundant and bright molecule after hydrogen ($H_{2}$), is an important tracer of star forming potential. Besides $CO$, water ($H_{2}O$) is also abundant and it's line strength is comparable to high-J $CO$ lines in high redshift Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRGs). Studies have shown $H_{2}O$ to directly trace the FIR field and hence the star forming regions. Moreover, $L_{H_{2}O}/L_{IR}$ ratio is nearly constant for five of the most important water lines and does not depend on the presence of AGN implying that $H_{2}O$ is one of the best tracers of star forming regions (SFRs). This incredible correlation holds for nearly five orders of magnitude in luminosity and observed in both local and high redshift luminous infrared galaxies.\\_x000d_ In this talk, I will discuss the importance of $H_{2}O$ in tracing FIR field and show the preliminary results of resolved water emission from three high-redshift gravitationally lensed South Pole Telescope (SPT) sources obtained from ALMA cycle 3 and cycle 4. These sources are among the first $H_{2}O$ observations with resolved spatial scales $sim 1$ $kpc$ and will prove to be important for ALMA and galaxy evolution studies._x000d

SIGNIFICANCE OF USING UPAMANA PRAMANA IN AYURVEDA

Ayurveda, the ancient Medico Holistic Science, which is comprised of numerous fundamental concepts with basic doctrines. Ayurveda along with its concepts is eternal (Shaswata), and have their own identity which does not require other science to indulge in between. Such fundamental concepts are literally better understood, analyzed and merely utilized in clinical practice only with the proper utility of Pramanas. Pramanas in Ayurveda are means of true knowledge. Acharya Sushruta describe four Pramanas and among the four Pramanas i.e. Pratyaksha (Direct perception), Agama (Teaching of scriptures), Anumama (Inference), Upamana (Analogy). Upamana Pramana is used widely in Ayurvedic literatures. Upamana is having its own importance. Upamana or Aupamya give the knowledge or idea of an object by similar comparison. Acharya Charaka has not included Upamana Pramana under Pramanas but he described it under Vada Marga i.e. technical terms used in Sambasha by Vaidya-Samuha and ultimately helps in attaining valid knowledge, but more than being used in Sambasha, Upamana is having its clinical utility. Upamanas are the analogies or similes that bridge the known to the unknown and after the conceptual system of existing knowledge by modifying and strengthening its associations. Prime intention of such Upamana is incorporating open-ended, forced and visual similes to teach complex concepts and involving students in a creative dynamic though process to enhance understanding of such complex medical concepts. But we have to be very careful about its understanding such analogies, otherwise it may lead to wrong concepts. As said that “An Analogy is like a car, if you take it too far, it breaks downâ€. So here a sincere effort has been made to evaluate and analyze the Upamana Pramana in a simple way in three aspects i.e., physiological, diagnostic, philosophical aspects.

Variation in Basic Density and Tissue Proportions of Eucalyptus Tereticornis SM. Clones

Abstract Th

Mechanically tunable photo-cross-linkable bioinks for osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in 3D bioprinted constructs

3D bioprinting technique renders a plausible solution to tissue engineering applications, mainly bone tissue regeneration, which could provide the microenvironment with desired physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. However, the mechanical and structural stability of current natural polymers is a critical issue in the fabrication of bone tissue-engineered scaffolds. To overcome these issues, we have developed 3D bioprintable semi-synthetic polymers derived from natural (sodium alginate, A) and synthetic (polyethylene glycol, PEG) biopolymers. In order to enhance the cross-linking properties and biocompatibility, we have functionalized these polymers with acrylate and methacrylate chemical moieties. These selected combination of natural and synthetic polymers improved the mechanical strength due to the synergistic effect of covalent as well as ionic bond formation in the hydrogel system, which is evident from the tested tensile data. Further, the feasibility of 3D bioprinting of acrylate and methacrylate functionalized PEG and hydrogels have been tested for the biocompatibility of the fabricated structures with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs). Further, these bioprinted scaffolds were investigated for osteogenic differentiation of UMSCs in two types of culture conditions: namely, i) with osteoinduction media (with OIM), ii) without osteoinduction media (w/o OIM). We have examined the osteoinductivity of scaffolds with the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) content, and significant changes in the ALP activity was observed with the stiffness of developed materials. The extent osteogenic differentiation was observed by alizarin red staining and reverse transcription PCR analysis. Elevated levels of ALP, RUNX2 and COL1 gene expression has been observed in without OIM samples on week 1 and week 3. Further, our study showed that the synthesized alginate methacrylate (AMA) without osteoinduction supplement with young's modulus of 0.34 MPa has a significant difference in ALP quantity and gene expression over the other reported literature. Thus, this work plays a pivotal role in the development of 3D bioprintable and photo-cross-linkable hydrogels in osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. © 2021 Elsevier B.V

PRELIMINARY PROTEIN PROFILING OF COPPER AND ZINC TREATED LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS

ABSTRACT Toxic metals are a class of elements with no biological role but with extreme toxicity. Humans, plants and also beneficial microbes suffers from metal toxicity. Probiotic bacteria are very beneficial to humans and animals due to their antipathogenic potential. Probiotic bacteria have become anintegral elements to everyday healthy living. The aim of this study was to determine the preliminary protein profiling of Zinc and Copper influenced Lactobacillus rhamnosus MTCC 1408 by using the techniques SDS-PAGE and 2-D PAGE. The results shown that the protein profiles of Copper stressed proteins showed significant difference when compared to the Zinc stressed proteins