CDM Implementation in Domestic Energy Sector : Indian Scenario

Since the Kyoto protocol agreement, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has garnered large emphasis in terms of certified emission reductions (CER) not only amidst the global carbon market but also in India. This paper attempts to assess the impact of CDM towards sustainable development particularly in rural domestic cooking sector. A detailed survey was undertaken in the state of Kerala, in southern part of India to evaluate the rural domestic energy consumption pattern. The data collected was analyzed through standard statistical software yielding insight into the interrelationships of the various parameters that influence domestic cooking energy consumption. The analysis facilitates assessing feasibility of CDM projects in the sector and related prospects pertaining to the Indian scenario.

Bulk viscosity in hyperonic star and r-mode instability

We consider a rotating neutron star with the presence of hyperons in its core, using an equation of state in an effective chiral model within the relativistic mean field approximation. We calculate the hyperonic bulk viscosity coefficient due to nonleptonic weak interactions. By estimating the damping timescales of the dissipative processes, we investigate its role in the suppression of gravitationally driven instabilities in the $r$-mode. We observe that $r$-mode instability remains very much significant for hyperon core temperature of around $10^8$K, resulting in a comparatively larger instability window. We find that such instability can reduce the angular velocity of the rapidly rotating star considerably upto $\sim0.04 \Omega_K$, with $\Omega_K$ as the Keplerian angular velocity.Comment: 10 pages including 7 figure

Design of Low Power and Area Efficient Carry Select Adder (CSLA) using Verilog Language

Carry select method has deemed to be a good compromise between cost and performance in carry propagation adder design. However conventional carry select adder (CSLA) is still area consuming due to the dual ripple carry adder structure. The excessive area overhead makes conventional carry select adder (CSLA) relatively unattractive but this has been the circumvented by the use of add-one circuit. In this an area efficient modified CSLA scheme based on a new first zero detection logic is proposed. The gate count in 32-bit modified CSLA can be greatly reduced, design proposed in this paper has been developed using VERILOG language and synthesized in XILINX13.2 version

CDM as a Solution for the Present World Energy Problems (An Overview with Respect to the Building and Construction Sector)

One of the important responses of Kyoto Protocol towards mitigation of global warming is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which has garnered large emphasis amidst the global carbon market in terms of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). While CDM aims to achieve sustainable development in the energy production and its consumption in developing countries, the results achieved through its implementation are still uncertain. Presently, the domestic and commercial buildings are responsible for more than one third of the total conventional energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that, the building sector has the largest potential for significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper envisages the important aspects such as, the non-inclusion of construction sector projects in CDM and its reasons, the role of energy efficiency buildings in the energy conservation arena and the new challenges being faced, while implementing the CDM portfolio in building energy sector

TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY PATCHES: A REVIEW

For thousands of years, human civilizations have applied substances to the skin as cosmetic and medicinal agents. However, it was not until the twentieth century that the skin came to be used as a drug delivery route. In fact, Merriam Webster dates the word “transdermal†to 1944 highlighting that it is a relatively recent concept in medical and pharmaceutical practice. Transdermal drugs are selfâ€contained, discrete dosage form. Drug delivery through the skin to achieve a systemic effect without producing any fluctuations in plasma concentration of the drug.  Topical administration of therapeutic agents offers many advantages over conventional oral and invasive methods of drug delivery.  And also provide controlled release of the drug for extended period of the time. This review article covers brief outline advantages, skin pathways for transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), various components of transdermal patch, and approaches for preparation of transdermal patches, evaluation of transdermal system, general clinical considerations in the use of tdds and limitation of tdds. Key words: Transdermal, Permeation pathways, Drug delivery, Matrix, ReservoirÂ

A Meta Model for Domestic Energy Consumption

Prediction of energy consumption particularly in micro level is of vital importance in terms of energy planning and also implementation of any Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) activities that has become the order of the world today. It may be difficult to model household energy consumption using conventional methods such as time series forecasting due to many influencing factors. This paper presents a step wise regression model for forecasting domestic energy consumption based on micro level household survey data collected from Kerala, a state in southern part of India. The analysis of the data reveals significant influence of socio-economic, demographic, geographic, and family attributes upon total household energy requirements. While a wide variation in the pattern of energy requirements across the domestic sector belonging to different expenditure classes, per capita income level can be identified as the most important explanatory variable influencing variation in energy requirements. The models developed also demonstrates the influence of per capita land area, residential area among the higher income group while average age and literacy forms significant variables among the lower income group. Keywords: Meta Model; Consumption Pattern; Domestic Energy Requirement JEL classifications: E2; Q

Elevation of conjunctival epithelial CD45INTCD11b⁺CD16⁺CD14⁻ neutrophils in ocular Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

PURPOSE. Ocular complications related to Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)–Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) may persist and progress after resolution of systemic disease. This is thought to be related in part to persistent ocular innate-immune signaling. In this study, our aim was to characterize infiltrative conjunctival cellular profiles during acute (<12 months) and chronic (>12 months) disease. METHODS. Consecutive patients presenting with SJS-TEN over a 12-month period were followed for 1 year. Detailed clinical examination and conjunctival impression cell recovery was analyzed by flow cytometry for the presence of intraepithelial leukocytes and compared with healthy controls (n = 21). RESULTS. Ten patients were recruited of whom six had acute disease and five were classified as TEN (SCORTEN = 1, n = 4). Conjunctival inflammation was graded as absent/mild in a total of nine patients; but despite this, evidence of fornix shrinkage was observed in nine subjects. This inversely correlated with disease duration (P < 0.05). A reduction in percentage of CD8αβ(+) T cells compared with controls (80% vs. 57%; P < 0.01) was associated with a corresponding increase in the number/percentage of CD45(INT)CD11b(+)CD16(+)CD14(−) neutrophils (186 vs. 3.4, P < 0.01, 31% vs. 0.8%, P < 0.001). Neutrophils inversely correlated with disease duration (r = −0.71, P = 0.03), yet there was no absolute change in the CD8αβ(+) or neutrophil populations during the study period (P = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS. These data highlight that a neutrophilic infiltrate is present in mildly inflamed or clinically quiescent conjunctival mucosa in patients with ocular SJS-TEN, where neutrophil numbers inversely correlate with disease duration. Neutrophil persistence endorses the hypothesis of an unresolved innate-inflammatory process that might account for disease progression

On attributes of a Rotating Neutron star with a Hyperon core

We study the effect of rotation on global properties of neutron star with a hyperon core in an effective chiral model with varying nucleon effective mass within a mean field approach. The resulting gross properties of the rotating compact star sequences are then compared and analyzed with other theoretical predictions and observations from neutron stars. The maximum mass of the compact star predicted by the model lies in the range $(1.4-2.4) ~M_{\odot}$ at Kepler frequency $\Omega_K$, which is consistant with recent observation of high mass stars thereby reflecting the sensitivity of the underlying nucleon effective mass in the dense matter EoS. We also discuss the implications of the experimental constraints from the flow data from heavy-ion collisions on the global properties of the rotating neutron stars.Comment: 11 Pages, 10 Figures and 2 Table

Fish models in experimental pharmacology: on the mark or off the mark

Fish has emerged as an alternative model organism in biomedical research for conducting experimental pharmacological and toxicological studies. As a vertebrate, it shares many conserved physiological and molecular features with humans making it a valuable model for diagnosing, investigating disease states and testing drugs to check toxicity and therapeutic activity against the target. Zebrafish and medaka are mainstream models that are widely employed in pharmaceutical research. This study aims to highlight the probability and potential of fish as an alternative model organism in biomedical research, drug discovery and development. Further, it discusses the limitations of fish models in experimental pharmacological and toxicological studies considering the changes in the residing environment, physiology, metabolism, unpredictable inter-individual variability due to diseases, variable conditioning, and interspecific and intraspecific variability