Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences Relevant Approach to Assess the Performance of Biowaste Materials for the Recovery of Lanthanum (III) from Aqueous Medium

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to assess the performance of the biowaste materials to recover lanthanum (III) from aqueous solution. The biosorbents from animal origin viz., crab shell (C R S), prawn carapace (PC), fish scales (FS), egg shell (ES) and plant origin viz. Neem sawdust (NS), corn style (CS), pineapple crown (P A C), orange peel (OP) were chosen and the influence of various factors viz. pH, contact time, biomass dosage and initial metal concentration on lanthanum (III) sorption were investigated under batch mode. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich model to characterize the adsorption process. The adsorption capacities of C R S, PC, FS, ES were found to be 90.9, 200.0, 250.0 and 100.0 mg/g whereas 166.6, 76.9, 100.0 and 125.0 mg/g for NS, CS, P A C and OP respectively. Langmuir model found to be the best fit for FS and Freundlich model for NS respectively. FS and NS can be used as potential biosorbents for La(III) recovery from aqueous environment

Cross sectional study on prevalence and medication adherence of hypertension and diabetes in a tertiary care hospital in Karimnagar, India

Background: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of Hypertension (HTN), Diabetes mellitus(DM) and other diseases along with comorbid conditions, disease complications and also to assess medication adherence in a tertiary hospital in Karimnagar, Telangana, India.Methods: A Cross sectional study is performed by analysing a total of 500 patient’s individual case safety reports (ICSR). Prevalence of Hypertension and Diabetes along with most prescribed drugs are analysed. Medication adherence is analysed by using Morisky Medication adherence questionnaire scale (MMAS-4).Results: Patients with past history of DM, HTN and other diseases which was found to be 245 (49%) patients. Patients with highest disease prevalence were found to be with HTN (56.73%), DM (31.83%) followed by other diseases like asthma (8.57%), Cerebrovascular accident (4.89%) etc., Total of 66 Patients were ruled out with comorbid diseases. Patients with HTN+DM (47) were found to be highest followed by DM+HTN+CVA (4). MMAS-4 revealed 208 patients were using medication out of 245 patients with previous history. According to MMAS-4 most of the patients were with medium adherence (76). Prevalent drug used for HTN include Amlodipine and for DM Telmisartan+Hydrochlorthiazide.Conclusions: The study revealed that almost half of the admitted patients were with HTN and DM. The patients were counselled properly to adhere strictly to the prescription. Medication adherence to HTN and DM was found to be good in this study. Since the disease complications were also ruled out, the health care professionals are recommended to spread awareness on DM and HTN and disease management in order to control disease and improve health outcomes

Classification and applying pharmacovigilance principles to study adverse drug reaction and its management

Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an unwanted, undesirable effect of medication resulting in mild to severe effect on the patient. This review explains definitions of ADR and it differentiation with adverse drug event, medication error. ADRs may cause increased length of stay or initial reason for admission and are major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Risk factors for ADR occurrence include age, gender, patients with multiple diseases and multiple drug therapy (polypharmacy). ADRs are classified into different types based on the mechanism and onset of reaction. The causal relation between suspected drug and reaction can be assessed by using causality assessment scales. The severity and preventability of ADR can be assessed by severity assessment scale and preventability scale respectively. Clinical Pharmacists play an important role in monitoring and management of ADRs

A prospective observational study on incidence of adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care teaching hospital: a pharmacovigilance study

Background: An adverse drug reaction (ADRs) is determined as response to a drug that is noxious unintended excludes therapeutic failures, overdose, drug abuse, noncompliance, and medication errors. The main aim of the study is to detect, understand and report ADR’S.Methods: This study is prospective observational study conducted for 6 months in in-patient setting in a tertiary care hospital. Naranjo’s, WHO causality scale, Siegel scale, Schumock and Thornton scale are used to assess ADR. Graph Pad Prism and SAS software’s are used.Results: Data was collected from a total of 1000 patients of which 121 (12.1%) patients were effected with 150 ADRs. Among 121 patients AdrAd was 60.66% and AdrIn was 39.33%. Of 121 patients 97 patients with single ADR, 28 patients with 2 ADRs, 10 patients were with three ADRs. ADR onset divides acute (10%), Latent (39%) and sub-acute (51%). ADR occurred are recovered (54%), Recovering (13%). Naranjos scale interprets definite (0.9%), probable (50.9%), possible (42.97%). According to WHO scale certain (2.7%), unlikely (2.7%), possible (38.84%). Hartwig and Siegel scale results are mild (12.4%), moderate (66.12%) and severe (12.4%). Schumock and Thornton preventability results are definitely (25.45%), probably (68.18%) and not preventable (6.36%).Conclusions: Every health care professional should be aware of the Pharmacovigilance principles and also should be aware of suspected ADR reporting form of PVPI. By applying the above scales it is easy for health care professionals to assess an ADR

Heteromeric TRPV4/TRPC1 channels mediate calcium-sensing receptor-induced nitric oxide production and vasorelaxation in rabbit mesenteric arteries.

Stimulation of calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) by increasing the external calcium concentration (Ca(2+)]o) induces endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation through nitric oxide (NO) production and activation of intermediate Ca(2+)-activated K(+) currents (IKCa) channels in rabbit mesenteric arteries. The present study investigates the potential role of heteromeric TRPV4-TRPC1 channels in mediating these CaSR-induced vascular responses. Immunocytochemical and proximity ligation assays showed that TRPV4 and TRPC1 proteins were expressed and co-localised at the plasma membrane of freshly isolated endothelial cells (ECs). In wire myography studies, increasing [Ca(2+)]o between 1 and 6mM induced concentration-dependent relaxations of methoxamine (MO)-induced pre-contracted tone, which were inhibited by the TRPV4 antagonists RN1734 and HC067047, and the externally-acting TRPC1 blocking antibody T1E3. In addition, CaSR-evoked NO production in ECs measured using the fluorescent NO indicator DAF-FM was reduced by RN1734 and T1E3. In contrast, [Ca(2+)]o-evoked perforated-patch IKCa currents in ECs were unaffected by RN1734 and T1E3. The TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A (GSK) induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of MO-evoked pre-contracted tone and increased NO production, which were inhibited by the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME, RN1734 and T1E3. GSK activated 6pS cation channel activity in cell-attached patches from ECs which was blocked by RN1734 and T1E3. These findings indicate that heteromeric TRPV4-TRPC1 channels mediate CaSR-induced vasorelaxation through NO production but not IKCa channel activation in rabbit mesenteric arteries. This further implicates CaSR-induced pathways and heteromeric TRPV4-TRPC1 channels in regulating vascular tone

Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor induces relaxations through CGRP and NK1 receptor-mediated pathways in male rat mesenteric arteries

Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) regulates vascular contractility, but cellular mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study investigated the role of perivascular sensory nerves in CaSR-induced relaxations of male rat mesenteric arteries. In fluorescence studies, colocalisation between synaptophysin, a synaptic vesicle marker, and the CaSR was present in the adventitial layer of arterial segments. Using wire myography, increasing external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) from 1 to 10 mM induced vasorelaxations, previously shown to involve the CaSR, which were inhibited by pretreatment with capsaicin. [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations were partially reduced by the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor blockers, CGRP 8–37 and BIBN 4096, and the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor blocker L733,060. The inhibitory effect of CGRP 8–37 required a functional endothelium whereas the inhibitory action of L733,060 did not. Complete inhibition of [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations occurred when CGRP 8–37 and L733,060 were applied together. [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations in the presence of capsaicin were abolished by the ATP-dependent K+ channel (KATP) blocker PNU 37883, but unaffected by the endothelium nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor L-NAME. We suggest that the CaSR on perivascular sensory nerves mediate relaxations in rat mesenteric arteries via endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms involving CGRP and NK1 receptor-activated NO production and KATP channels, respectively

Hyaluronic acid treatment outcome on the post-extraction wound healing in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes : a randomized controlled split-mouth study

Hyaluronic acid is widely used in the medical field. However, there is a lack of research about its effect on patients with certain risks, such as compromised wound healing commonly found in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of hyaluronic acid on the post-extraction wound healing and pain in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. The randomized controlled split-mouth study was designed, which included 30 patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes with a bilaterally same teeth in the lower jaw for extraction. The sockets treated with 0.8% hyaluronic acid represented the study group, while the sockets where hyaluronic acid was not applied represented the control group. Wound closure rate (WCR), clinical scores in wound healing scale (WHS) and pain intensity in Visual analogue scale (VAS) were recorded. Patients were followed up on 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th day after tooth extraction. The results showed a higher WCR at the extraction site where hyaluronic acid was applied. Also, statistically significant difference was found (p< 0.001). In regards to WHS, the sockets treated with hyaluronic acid showed better healing, especially on day 10 (p=0.006) and day 15 (p=0.021). However, there were no statistically significant differences in VAS scores between groups. Hyaluronic acid placed in post-extraction socket in patients with poorly controlled diabetes may improve wound healing, especially in the first days after application

Design and construction of an optical test bed for LISA imaging systems and tilt-to-length coupling

The laser interferometer space antenna (LISA) is a future space-based interferometric gravitational-wave detector consisting of three spacecraft in a triangular configuration. The interferometric measurements of path length changes between satellites will be performed on optical benches in the satellites. Angular misalignments of the interfering beams couple into the length measurement and represent a significant noise source. Imaging systems will be used to reduce this tilt-to-length coupling. We designed and constructed an optical test bed to experimentally investigate tilt-to-length coupling. It consists of two separate structures, a minimal optical bench and a telescope simulator. The minimal optical bench comprises the science interferometer where the local laser is interfered with light from a remote spacecraft. In our experiment, a simulated version of this received beam is generated on the telescope simulator. The telescope simulator provides a tilting beam, a reference interferometer and an additional static beam as a phase reference. The tilting beam can either be a flat-top beam or a Gaussian beam. We avoid tilt-to-length coupling in the reference interferometer by using a small photo diode placed at an image of the beam rotation point. We show that the test bed is operational with an initial measurement of tilt-to-length coupling without imaging systems. Furthermore, we show the design of two different imaging systems whose performance will be investigated in future experiments

Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor induces relaxations of rat mesenteric arteries by endothelium-dependent and -independent pathways via BKCa and KATP channels

Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) induces both vasoconstrictions and vasorelaxations but underlying cellular processes remain unclear. This study investigates expression and effect of stimulating the CaSR by increasing external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) on contractility of rat mesenteric arteries. Immunofluorescence studies showed expression of the CaSR in perivascular nerves, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and vascular endothelium cells. Using wire myography, increasing [Ca2+]o from 1 to 10 mM induced vasorelaxations which were inhibited by the calcilytic Calhex-231 and partially dependent on a functional endothelium. [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations were reduced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS, L-NAME) and large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa, iberiotoxin), with their inhibitory action requiring a functional endothelium. [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations were also markedly inhibited by an ATP-dependent K+ channel (KATP) blocker (PNU37883), which did not require a functional endothelium to produce its inhibitory action. Inhibitor studies also suggested contributory roles for inward rectifying K+ channels (Kir), Kv7 channels, and small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SKCa) on [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations. These findings indicate that stimulation of the CaSR mediates vasorelaxations involving multiple pathways, including an endothelium-dependent pathway involving NO production and activation of BKCa channels and an endothelium-independent pathway involving stimulation of KATP channels

Evaluation of Periodontal Status in HIV Infected Persons in Croatia

A B S T R A C T A number of periodontal changes have been associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection years). Statistical analysis was performed by use of descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U test showed significantly increased level of inflammation of the marginal gingiva in HIV infected subjects when compared to the controls (p&lt;0.002). Significantly increased mean values of periodontal pockets (p&lt;0.002) and the deepest periodontal pocket (p&lt;0.003) were also observed when HIV infected subjects were compared to the healthy controls. In HIV infected subjects there was significant increase in the number of decayed, missing and decrease in the number of filled teeth . The results of this study once again highlight the need for more prevalent periodontal check-ups and treatments in HIV infected subjects