Letter From O. S. Sprout to Alfred L. Shoemaker, November 11, 1948

A typed letter from O. S. Sprout addressed to Alfred L. Shoemaker, dated November 11, 1948. Within, Sprout details two separate Pennsylvania Dutch all stories, one occurring between an Amish son and father and the other regarding an off-duty train operator. Sprout also seeks information on the value of a book printed in German.https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/shoemaker_documents/1033/thumbnail.jp

Nonflammable, antistatic, and heat-sealable film

Antistatic, heat-sealable, nonflammable films prepared from polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene chloride resin

Foreign policy and globalization theory: The case of Israel

Since the early 1990s, international relations has witnessed a stimulating debate on globalization. This debate laid the foundations for globalization theory (GT), providing the tools for an empirical examination of the globalization of multiple activities: from politics and organized violence, to finance, trade and production, through culture and environmental degradation. However, examination of what appear to be the best-known works on globalization reveals that foreign policy has been virtually excluded from GT. In this context, based on what is described here as a synergistic transformationalist approach (STA) to globalization, I provide a critique of GT. The critique is geared towards examining why foreign policy hitherto has been overlooked by contemporary GT. I expose the problems this generates and address them by exploring how STA enables GT to incorporate foreign policy. I use the case of Israel heuristically to elicit how incorporating foreign policy into GT may provide a better understanding of the relationship between foreign policy and globalization. Three themes are highlighted: the role of foreign policy in inducing and reproducing globalization; determining the mutually constitutive relationship between globalization and the state; and shaping the interfacing between international politics and globalization

Da redução da incerteza estratégica à perpetuação da exclusão: a relevância dos fatores ideacionais na análise de política externa From the reduction of strategic uncertainty to the consolidation of exclusion: the relevance of ideational factors in foreign policy analysis

O objetivo do artigo é discutir a relevância dos fatores ideacionais nos debates da subárea de análise de política externa. O argumento central aponta que os fatores ideacionais assumem relevância crescente nos debates de política externa, porque um número cada vez maior de especialistas da subárea de análise de política externa - predominantemente autores neoinstitucionalistas, construtivistas "moderados" e pós-estruturalistas envolvidos nessas discussões - concebeu que as ideias podem ter impacto sobre o conteúdo e os rumos de políticas externas ao oferecer mapas que ampliam a clareza dos atores sobre objetivos ou a relação entre meios e fins em condições de incerteza, afetar resultados de situações estratégicas em que não há um único equilíbrio e generalizar padrões de comportamento quando incorporadas em instituições (enfoque neoinstitucionalista). Podem também regular o comportamento político dos Estados e construir suas identidades e interesses de política externa, de forma que tais fatores ideacionais podem ser vistos como endógenos à interação. Os ambientes em que os atores estão envolvidos podem ser concebidos como ideacionais em vez de apenas materiais e constituir as propriedades básicas desses atores. O significado de forças materiais também pode depender de ideias compartilhadas (enfoque construtivista. As ideias podem ainda ser entendidas como construções de práticas discursivas relacionadas à formulação e à execução da política externa e, assim, legitimar o poder e a soberania e perpetuar a marginalização e a exclusão da diferença (enfoque pós-estruturalista).<br>The main purpose of this article is to discuss the relevance of ideational factors in Foreign Policy Analysis. The main idea indicates that ideational factors are gradually relevant in foreign policy debates, because a growing number of foreign policy analysts - mainly neo-institutionalists, "moderate" constructivists and poststructuralists - conceived that ideas can: 1) have impact on the content of foreign policy because they bring maps that enhance actors' clarity about their objectives and the relation between means and ends in conditions of uncertainty, affect results in multiple equilibrium situations and generalize patterns of behavior when they are embedded in institutions (neo-institutionalist perspective); 2) regulate the political behavior of states and construct their foreign policy identities and interests, so that those ideational factors can be seen as endogenous to interaction. The environments in which actors are involved can be conceived as ideational instead of only material environments and construct the basic properties of those actors. The meaning of material forces can also depend on shared ideas (constructivist perspective); 3) can be seen as constructions of discursive practices related to the formation and the execution of foreign policy and legitimate power and sovereignty and strengthen t he marginalization a nd exclusion o f d ifference (poststructuralist perspective)