616 research outputs found
Classical ultrarelativistic bremsstrahlung in extra dimensions
The emitted energy and the cross-section of classical scalar bremsstrahlung
in massive particle collisions in D=4+d dimensional Minkowski space M_D as well
as in the brane world M_4 \times T^d is computed to leading ultra-relativistic
order. The particles are taken to interact in the first case via the exchange
of a bulk massless scalar field \Phi and in the second with an additional
massless scalar \phi confined together with the particles on the brane. Energy
is emitted as \Phi radiation in the bulk and/or \phi radiation on the brane. In
contrast to the quantum Born approximation, the classical result is unambiguous
and valid in a kinematical region which is also specified. For D=4 the results
are in agreement with corresponding expressions in classical electrodynamics.Comment: Preprint number adde
The modern technology of iron and steel production and possible ways of their development
Π ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ². Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π₯ΠΠ’Π§ (ΠΠΠ’Π‘H, Π‘anada) Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π‘Π2 Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π° G-CAP β’ (ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠΎΠΌ β ΠΠΎΡΡΠ±Π° Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π° ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ), Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ β En-MAPTM (ΠΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ). ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ
Π½Π° ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π‘Π2. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ G-CAP β’ ΠΈ G-CAP β’ , ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ HATCH Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π‘Π2 Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈIn the changing global market scenario for raw materials for the steel industry, a number of novel iron and steelmaking process technologies are being developed to provide the steel companies with economically-sustainable alternatives for iron and steel-making. In addition, the steel industry is also focusing on reduction of energy consumption as well as green-house gas (GHG) emissions to address the crucial subject of climate change. Climate change is presenting new risks to the highly energy and carbon-intensive, iron and steel industry. The industry needs to focus on reduction of energy consumption as GHG emissions to address climate change. Development of alternate iron and steelmaking process technologies can provide steel companies with economically-sustainable alternatives for steel production. For managing climate change risks, novel modelling tools have been developed by Hatch to quantify and qualify potential energy savings and CO2 abatement within the iron and steel industry. The tool developed for abatement of greenhouse gas carbon is called G-CAPTM (Green-House Gas Carbon Abatement Process) while that developed for improving energy efficiency is called En-MAPTM (Energy Management Action Planning). Evaluation of existing operations have shown that most integrated plants have GHG and energy abatement opportunities; on the other hand, the best-in-class plants may not have a lot of low-risk abatement opportunities left, even at high CO2 price. In this context, it is important to assess these critical issues for the alternate iron and steelmaking technologies that have been developed. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of energy-efficiency and GHG emissions for some selected iron- and steelmaking technologies that are being considered for implementation. In this work, Hatchβs G-CAPβ’ and En-MAPβ’ tools that were developed with the main objective of quantifying and qualifying the potential energy savings and CO2 abatement within the iron and steel industry, were employed in the evaluation conducted
Study of Thermal Performance of Modern Design of the Drum-type Batch Furnace
The report focuses on the layout and features of the thermal performance of the drum-type batch furnace for heating of metal products for hardening. Technical characteristics of the furnace, some results of the thermomechanical calculation are given. The computer simulation of the processes of gas flow and heat exchange in the furnace is presented. The study has been carried out using the CAE-system (CAE, Computer Aided Engineering)βthe software module ANSYS Fluent. In this module, the flow boundary conditions were specified. To check the repeatability of calculations, the control of current values and calculated temperature discrepancies has been used. The results of the simulation are presented graphically and contain a visualization of the field of temperature and velocity distribution, as well as a vector distribution of gas flow rates. The obtained results of the computer simulation allowed evaluating the efficiency of the thermal and gas-dynamic performance of the developed design of the drum-type batch furnace with a constant temperature of the operating space. The developed design of the furnace for heating of metal billets with moving of billets in the furnace along the drum allows solving of some problems of resource and energy saving; it could also be used for heat treatment of bars, pipes, strip, and bar sections of various shapes.
Keywords: batch furnace with a constant temperature of operating space, recuperative burner, computer simulation, temperature fields, velocity fields, resource saving, burning, heat exchang
Technical Upgrading and Thermal Performance of Heating Furnace of the Pipe Rolling Workshop
The report is focused on the design and thermal performance of the continuous furnace for heating of pipe billets before piercing operating at βChPRPβ PJSC. The problems arising during operation of the thermal generating unit have been analyzed. To evaluate the efficiency of existing heating system, the heat balance of the continuous furnace has been drawn up. During analysis of the results of calculated studies, disadvantages of existing furnace systems and assemblies have been revealed. In order to improve the quality of metal heating, it is proposed to install the through-type furnace heated by means of regenerative burners, as well as provided with the metal transportation system, ensuring more uniform heating, both along the length and thickness of billets, in place of the existing furnace. When implementing the proposed activities, a significant economic benefit is expected, which is confirmed by the heat balance of the through-type furnace given in the article. Besides, to visualize the distribution of temperature and gas-dynamic flows within the operating space of the proposed through-type furnace, the computer simulation for evaluation of the uniformity of metal heating has been performed.
Keywords: continuous furnace, regenerative burner, energy saving, through-type furnace, heat balanc
The use of combined-blast is the main way to improve the energy efficiency of blast furnaces
The world production of hot metal and pig iron in 2012 reached 1.3 billion tons. More than 500 million tons of metallurgical coke produced from 650 million tons of expensive coking coals was consumed in blast furnaces to achieve this production goal. Metallurgical coke is a major contributor to the production costs of hot metal and pig iron, typically making up to 48-52% of the hot metal operating cost. Because of this, the reduction in metallurgical coke consumption was always a major goal for blast furnace operators. Supplemental fuels, especially in the form of a combined blast, are typically used to reduce coke consumption in a blast furnace. The major types of combined blast and supplemental fuels are as follows: oxygen enrichment, natural gas, oil and pulverized coal injection. The replacement coefficients of coke by these supplement fuels depend on the fuel quality, the arrangement of the injection process and adjustments in the blast furnace operating practice to optimize heat and mass transfer processes, metallic yield, gas dynamics and material movement. The fundamentals of the blast furnace process to achieve a highly efficient operation of the blast furnace with combined blast are discussed in this paper. The methodology of this research and development work is based on the theory of heat transfer in a blast furnace combined with local and overall heat and mass balances, the analysis of temperature distribution and material and gas movement. As a result, the maximum achievable replacement coefficients and reduction in the operating cost of hot metal were estimated alongside the required adjustments in blast furnace operation. Β© 2014 WIT Press.International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering;International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning;WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environmen
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