Anti-inflammatory effect of chitosan oligomers

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Effects of Risperidone on Cytokine Profile in Drug-Naive First-Episode Psychosis

Background: There is robust evidence that schizophrenia is characterized by immune-inflammatory abnormalities, including variations on cytokine levels. the results of previous studies, however, are heterogeneous due to several confounding factors, such as the effects of antipsychotic drugs. Therefore, research on drug-naive first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients is essential to elucidate the role of immune processes in that disorder.Methods: the aim of this study is to compare cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-10, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-17) in drug-naive FEP patients both before and after treatment with risperidone for 10 weeks, and to investigate possible associations between cytokine levels and clinical responses to treatment and presence of depressive symptoms. It this study, we included 55 drug-naive FEP patients who had repeated measurements of cytokine levels and 57 healthy controls.Results: We found that FEP patients had significantly higher IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha levels than healthy controls. After risperidone treatment, these three cytokines and additionally IL-4 decreased significantly. No significant difference was found between the post-treatment cytokine levels in FEP patients and in healthy controls, suggesting that these alterations in cytokine profiles are a state marker of FEP. No significant association was found between risperidone-induced changes in cytokines and the clinical response to treatment or the presence of depression. There was a significant inverse association between the risperidone-induced changes in IL-10 and the negative symptoms.Conclusions: in conclusion, our results show a specific cytokine profile in FEP patients (monocytic and regulatory T-cell activation) and suggest immunoregulatory effects of risperidone treatment, characterized by suppressant effects on monocytic, Th2, and T-regulatory functions.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao SafraFundacao ABADSJanssenEli LillyLundbeckNovartisRocheUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat, São Paulo, BrazilFac Ciencias Med Santa Casa São Paulo, Episode Psychosis Program 1, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Morphol & Genet, Div Genet, São Paulo, BrazilDeakin Univ, Dept Psychiat, Geelong, Vic 3217, AustraliaChulalongkorn Univ, Dept Psychiat, Bangkok, ThailandUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Morphol & Genet, Div Genet, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Análise da construção da política nacional de agroecologia e produção orgânica no Brasil.

RESUMO: A Política Nacional de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica (Pnapo) foi criada em 2012, com o objetivo de integrar, articular e adequar as políticas públicas que contribuem para a produção sustentável de alimentos saudáveis e livres de contaminantes químicos, aliando o desenvolvimento rural com a conservação dos recursos naturais e a valorização do conhecimento dos povos e comunidades tradicionais. Este texto apresenta parte dos resultados de um estudo que está sendo realizado sobre a Pnapo, abrangendo uma análise do seu processo de construção com base nas percepções dos representantes das diversas instituições do governo e da sociedade civil que participam da sua gestão. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com esses representantes visando levantar o histórico de construção da política. Foi feita também uma análise exploratória qualitativa da concepção da Pnapo, utilizando-se o método de análise de conteúdo, com base nas transcrições das entrevistas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as agendas da agroecologia e da produção orgânica foram lentamente construídas dentro do governo por força das pressões da sociedade civil organizada. Outro fator importante para a construção dessas agendas foi o fortalecimento dos espaços de discussão, participação e articulação proporcionados pelos conselhos e comissões de participação social. Com relação à concepção da Pnapo, observou-se que os espaços de diálogo proporcionados pela Comissão Nacional de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica (Cnapo), formada por representantes do governo e de entidades da sociedade civil, e a Câmara Interministerial de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica (Ciapo), composta por representantes dos ministérios que atuam na política, propiciaram a construção participativa entre governo e sociedade e estimularam uma abordagem interministerial dentro do âmbito governamental. Os principais desafios são o aprimoramento da gestão intersetorial e a ampliação da prioridade da Pnapo dentro do próprio governo. Conclui-se que a continuidade da política dependerá muito do reconhecimento da sociedade por sua importância, demandando do governo a sua manutenção e ampliação dos espaços conquistados. ABSTRACT: The National Policy for Agroecology and Organic Production (Pnapo) was created in 2012 to integrate, articulate and adjust the existing public policies concerning sustainable production of chemical-contaminant-free products. The referred policy combines rural development, conservation of natural resources and valorization of traditional communities? knowledge. This article presents part of the results of an ongoing study about Pnapo. It analyses the constructive process of the program according to representatives of social and governmental institutions that manage this policy. In order to collect the historical background of Pnapo, main participants of the policy building were interviewed. The results of this research show that agroecology and organic production programs were slowly structured inside the government through pressure of organized groups in society. Another relevant factor to this development was the growth in social involvement in councils and commissions. Regarding Pnapo?s conception, it was observed that dialogue spaces provided by the National Commission for Agroecology and Organic Production (Cnapo) (composed by representatives from the government and from civil society) and the Interministerial Chamber of Agroecology and Organic Production (Ciapo) (composed by representatives from the ministries that participates in the policy), have provided participative construction between government and society and stimulated an interministerial approach inside government. The main challenges are to improve the intersectional management of the program and to enforce the importance of Pnapo inside the government. It is concluded that the continuance of this policy will depend heavily on the society?s acknowledgement of its importance, demanding from the government its maintenance and the enlargement of already acquired spaces.bitstream/item/161371/1/td-2305.pd

Brain metabolism and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers profile of non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment in comparison to amnestic mild cognitive impairment and normal older subjects

Abstract\ud \ud Introduction\ud Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is classically considered a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. Non-amnestic MCI (naMCI) patients, however, typically demonstrate cognitive deficits other than memory decline. Furthermore, as a group, naMCI have a lower rate of an eventual dementia diagnosis as compared to amnestic subtypes of MCI (aMCI). Unfortunately, studies investigating biomarker profiles of naMCI are scarce. The study objective was to investigate the regional brain glucose metabolism (rBGM) with [18F]FDG-PET and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in subjects with naMCI as compared to a control group (CG) and aMCI subjects.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud Ninety-five patients were included in three different groups: naMCI (N = 32), aMCI (N = 33) and CG (N = 30). Patients underwent brain MRI and [18F]FDG-PET. A subsample (naMCI = 26, aMCI = 28) also had an assessment of amyloid-β, tau, and phosphorylated tau levels in the CSF.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Both MCI groups had lower rBGM in relation to the CG in the precuneus. Subjects with naMCI showed decreased right prefrontal metabolism as well as higher levels of CSF amyloid-β relative to aMCI subjects.\ud \ud \ud Conclusion\ud While amnestic MCI subjects showed a biomarker profile classically related to MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease, naMCI patients illustrated a decrease in both prefrontal hypometabolism and higher CSF amyloid-β levels relative to the aMCI group. These biomarker findings indicate that naMCI is probably a heterogeneous group with similar precuneus hypometabolism compared to aMCI, but additional frontal hypometabolism and less amyloid-β deposition in the brain. Clinical follow-up and reappraisal of biomarkers of the naMCI group is needed to determine the outcome and probable etiological diagnosis.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) numbers 2011/18245-4 and 2009/17398-1 in BrazilCoordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)/Brazi

Brain metabolism and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers profile of non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment in comparison to amnestic mild cognitive impairment and normal older subjects

Abstract\ud \ud Introduction\ud Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is classically considered a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. Non-amnestic MCI (naMCI) patients, however, typically demonstrate cognitive deficits other than memory decline. Furthermore, as a group, naMCI have a lower rate of an eventual dementia diagnosis as compared to amnestic subtypes of MCI (aMCI). Unfortunately, studies investigating biomarker profiles of naMCI are scarce. The study objective was to investigate the regional brain glucose metabolism (rBGM) with [18F]FDG-PET and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in subjects with naMCI as compared to a control group (CG) and aMCI subjects.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud Ninety-five patients were included in three different groups: naMCI (N = 32), aMCI (N = 33) and CG (N = 30). Patients underwent brain MRI and [18F]FDG-PET. A subsample (naMCI = 26, aMCI = 28) also had an assessment of amyloid-β, tau, and phosphorylated tau levels in the CSF.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Both MCI groups had lower rBGM in relation to the CG in the precuneus. Subjects with naMCI showed decreased right prefrontal metabolism as well as higher levels of CSF amyloid-β relative to aMCI subjects.\ud \ud \ud Conclusion\ud While amnestic MCI subjects showed a biomarker profile classically related to MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease, naMCI patients illustrated a decrease in both prefrontal hypometabolism and higher CSF amyloid-β levels relative to the aMCI group. These biomarker findings indicate that naMCI is probably a heterogeneous group with similar precuneus hypometabolism compared to aMCI, but additional frontal hypometabolism and less amyloid-β deposition in the brain. Clinical follow-up and reappraisal of biomarkers of the naMCI group is needed to determine the outcome and probable etiological diagnosis.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) numbers 2011/18245-4 and 2009/17398-1 in BrazilCoordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)/Brazi