2,781 research outputs found

    Convectively driven shear and decreased heat flux

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    We report on direct numerical simulations of two-dimensional, horizontally periodic Rayleigh-B\'enard convection, focusing on its ability to drive large-scale horizontal flow that is vertically sheared. For the Prandtl numbers (PrPr) between 1 and 10 simulated here, this large-scale shear can be induced by raising the Rayleigh number (RaRa) sufficiently, and we explore the resulting convection for RaRa up to 101010^{10}. When present in our simulations, the sheared mean flow accounts for a large fraction of the total kinetic energy, and this fraction tends towards unity as Ra→∞Ra\to\infty. The shear helps disperse convective structures, and it reduces vertical heat flux; in parameter regimes where one state with large-scale shear and one without are both stable, the Nusselt number of the state with shear is smaller and grows more slowly with RaRa. When the large-scale shear is present with Prâ‰Č2Pr\lesssim2, the convection undergoes strong global oscillations on long timescales, and heat transport occurs in bursts. Nusselt numbers, time-averaged over these bursts, vary non-monotonically with RaRa for Pr=1Pr=1. When the shear is present with Pr≳3Pr\gtrsim3, the flow does not burst, and convective heat transport is sustained at all times. Nusselt numbers then grow roughly as powers of RaRa, but the growth rates are slower than any previously reported for Rayleigh-B\'enard convection without large-scale shear. We find the Nusselt numbers grow proportionally to Ra0.077Ra^{0.077} when Pr=3Pr=3 and to Ra0.19Ra^{0.19} when Pr=10Pr=10. Analogies with tokamak plasmas are described.Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures, 5 video

    Microbial fuel cells overview and first simple experiments

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    Collagen VI-Related Myopathy Caused by Compound Heterozygous Mutations of COL6A3 in a Consanguineous Kurdish Family

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    Collagen VI-related myopathies are caused by mutations of COL6A1, COL6A2, and COL6A3 and present with a wide phenotypic spectrum ranging from severe Ulrich congenital muscular dystrophy to mild Bethlem myopathy. Here, we report a consanguineous Kurdish family with 3 siblings affected by autosomal-recessive Bethlem myopathy caused by compound heterozygous mutations of COL6A3. We found the previously described missense mutation c.7447A > G/p.(Lys2483Glu) and a novel large deletion encompassing the exon 1-39 of the COL6A3 gene. Apart from the classical clinical symptoms, all patients had keratoconus, which expands the phenotype of the collagen VI-related myopathies

    Tabakentwöhnungsmaßnahmen in der allgemeinĂ€rztlichen Versorgung: Implementierung, EffektivitĂ€t und Wege einer optimierten Allokation

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    Hintergrund / Ziel der Studie: Im Bereich der Tabakentwöhnung existieren mittlerweile zahlreiche erprobte therapeutische Maßnahmen und Medikamente. Dennoch ist die Inanspruchnahme vorhandener Entwöhnungsangebote sehr dĂŒrftig. Es besteht die begrĂŒndete Hoffnung, dass durch eine stĂ€rkere Einbeziehung der HausĂ€rzte in den Bereich der Tabakentwöhnung eine VersorgungslĂŒcke geschlossen werden könnte. Die Studie soll DurchfĂŒhrbarkeit und Erfolg einer solchen Ausweitung des Anbieterkreises von Tabakentwöhnungsmaßnahmen im Hausarztbereich untersuchen. Unterschiedliche bereits vorhandene TherapieansĂ€tze werden hierbei hinsichtlich EffektivitĂ€t und Effizienz in der allgemeinĂ€rztlichen Routineversorgung miteinander verglichen. Methoden: In Phase I der Studie werden bundesweit Patienten in mehr als 800 Arztpraxen an einem Stichtag per Fragebogen zu ihrer Gesundheit und ihrem Rauchverhalten befragt. In Phase II werden die in Phase I identifizierten entwöhnungswilligen Raucher in ausgewĂ€hlten Arztpraxen fĂŒr die Intervention rekrutiert und randomisiert vier Gruppen mit (idealerweise) jeweils 250 Personen zugeteilt: einer Bupropion SR (ZybanÂź)-Gruppe, einer Nikotinersatzmittel-Gruppe, einer Verhaltenstherapie-Gruppe und einer Kontrollgruppe. Die Behandlung erfolgt jeweils durch die Ärzte in ihren Praxen unter Supervision und mit UnterstĂŒtzung durch Studienmonitore. Erwartete Ergebnisse: In AbhĂ€ngigkeit von Merkmalen des Arztes und seiner Praxis auf der einen Seite sowie Merkmalen der betroffenen Patienten auf der anderen, sollte die Akzeptanz, DurchfĂŒhrbarkeit und Wirksamkeit der ausgewĂ€hlten TherapieansĂ€tze unterschiedlich ausfallen. Insgesamt sollte jedoch jede Therapiebedingung gegenĂŒber der Kontrollbedingung hinsichtlich ihrer EffektivitĂ€t ĂŒberlegen sein. Im 6-Monats Follow-up sollte die Zyban-Gruppe gegenĂŒber allen anderen Gruppen die höchste Abstinenzquote aufweisen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse sollten Hinweise auf Möglichkeiten einer bedarfsgerechten, optimierten Allokation vorhandener Maßnahmen zur Tabakentwöhnung in der allgemeinĂ€rztlichen Versorgung liefern.Background / aim of the study: Although a number of efficacious smoking cessation measures and medications do exist, only a small number of smokers (tobacco users) make use of them. A stronger engagement of general practitioners (GPs) in the field of smoking cessation might help to improve health care in this important area. The study will investigate feasibility and effectiveness of different readily available smoking cessation measures under routine conditions in primary health care practices. Method: In phase I of the study patients' health status and tobacco consumption are assessed by means of questionnaires provided on a nationwide appointed date in more than 800 general practices in Germany. In phase II selected practices offer smoking cessation treatments to identified smokers. Participants recruited will be randomly assigned to four groups ideally consisting of 250 subjects each: A bupropion SR (Zyban©) condition, a nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) group, a cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT) group and a control condition. Treatments will be conducted by GPs in their practices under supervision of study monitors offering therapeutical and organisational support. Expected results: Acceptance, feasibility, and effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments offered will differ depending on GP and patient characteristics. Overall, success-rates (while success is primarily defined as abstinence from tobacco use) should be higher in all therapeutic conditions as compared to controls. In the 6-month follow-up abstinence rates are expected to be highest in the bupropion SR group. Conclusion: Results should yield indications for an improved allocation of available smoking cessation measures in primary care

    Cost-Effectiveness of Pre-exposure HIV Prophylaxis During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in Sub-Saharan Africa

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    Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the prevention of HIV acquisition is cost-effective when delivered to those at substantial risk. Despite a high incidence of HIV infection among pregnant and breastfeeding women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), a theoretical increased risk of preterm birth on PrEP could outweigh the HIV prevention benefit

    Measuring Recent Thymic Emigrants in Blood of Normal and HIV-1–Infected Individuals before and after Effective Therapy

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    The role of the thymus in HIV-1 pathogenesis remains unclear. We developed an assay to quantify the number of recent thymic emigrants in blood based on the detection of a major excisional DNA byproduct (termed α1 circle) of T cell receptor rearrangement. By studying 532 normal individuals, we found that α1 circle numbers in blood remain high for the first 10–15 yr of life, a sharp drop is seen in the late teen years, and a gradual decline occurs thereafter. Compared with age-matched uninfected control individuals, α1 circle numbers in HIV-1–infected adults were significantly reduced; however, there were many individuals with normal α1 circle numbers. In 74 individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, we found no appreciable effect on α1 circle numbers in those whose baseline values were already within the normal range, but significant increases were observed in those with a preexisting impairment. The increases in α1 circle numbers were, however, numerically insufficient to account for the rise in levels of naive T lymphocytes. Overall, it is difficult to invoke thymic regenerative failure as a generalized mechanism for CD4 lymphocyte depletion in HIV-1 infection, as α1 circle numbers are normal in a substantial subset of HIV-1–infected individuals

    Neonatal encephalopathy: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunisation safety data.

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    To improve comparability of vaccine safety data, the acute neonatal encephalopathy working group has developed a case definition and guidelines neonatal encephalopathy applicable in study settings with different availability of resources, in healthcare settings that differ by availability of and access to health care, and in different geographic regions

    Grundlagen und Forschungsstrategien regionaler Bedarfs- und Allokationsforschung am Beispiel des ASAT-F1-Projektes

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    Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Weiter steigende Raten des Konsums psychotroper Substanzen und klinisch bedeutsamer Substanzstörungen vor allem bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen, verĂ€nderte Gebrauchs- und Problemkonstellationen der Konsumentengruppen und die EinfĂŒhrung neuer Therapien und Versorgungsmodelle (PrĂ€vention, FrĂŒhintervention, Therapie und Rehabilitation) erfordern insbesondere angesichts der begrenzten Finanz- und Versorgungsressourcen neue Bedarfs- und Allokationsmodelle. Diese sollen praxisnah und effizient zu entscheiden helfen wann, bei welchen Rahmenbedingungen, welche Interventionsart und -strategie die individuell erfolgversprechendste ist. Diese Fragen werden in einem Forschungsprojekt des Suchtforschungsverbundes ASAT bearbeitet, das in einer umschriebenen Region mittels schrittweiser, epidemiologisch basierter Bedarfsund BedĂŒrfnisanalysen die Ableitung und Priorisierung von institutionellen und therapeutischen Zuordnungsstrategien untersucht. Methodik: Basierend auf einem prospektiv-epidemiologischen Design wurden (1) bei einer reprĂ€sentativen regionalen Bevölkerungsstichprobe (EDSP-Studie) Inzidenzmuster, Spontanverlauf, Risikofaktoren und Konsequenzen des Substanzgebrauchs, -missbrauchs und der -abhĂ€ngigkeit sowie Inanspruchnahmeverhalten, gedeckter und ungedeckter Bedarf beurteilt. (2) ErgĂ€nzt wird diese Erhebung durch eine Gesamterfassung und Evaluation des regionalen Suchthilfesystems. (3) Über statistische Analysen von VerlĂ€ufen und Suchthilfeangeboten in der Region sollen "natĂŒrliche" Allokationsprozesse dargestellt und "outcome"-orientiert bewertet werden. (4) Anhand der dabei sichtbaren MĂ€ngel und Defizite können dann zusammen mit den Einrichtungen verbesserte Allokationsrichtlinien fĂŒr einzelne sowie Gruppen von Patienten abgeleitet werden. Die Ergebnisse sollen in das regionale Suchhilfesystem ĂŒbertragen werden. Ergebnisse und Diskussion: Erste Ergebnisse des Projekts bestĂ€tigen die Möglichkeit, Risikogruppen ĂŒber spezifische Verlaufsanalysen zu identifizieren (z.B. regelmĂ€ĂŸige Cannabiskonsumenten, Mehrfachkonsumenten, mehr weibliche Konsumenten mit einem höherem AbhĂ€ngigkeitsrisiko). Die Inanspruchnahmemuster deuten in Teilbereichen (FrĂŒhintervention) auf ein hohes Ausmaß ungedeckten Bedarfs hin und scheinen neue AllokationsentwĂŒrfe zu erfordern. Den EinrichtungstrĂ€gern und regional Verantwortlichen der Suchthilfe können nach Auswertung weiterer Daten umfassende BedarfsabschĂ€tzungen und verschiedene alternative Allokationsmodelle basierend auf der Perspektive von KlientInnen/ PatientInnen bereitgestellt werden.Background and Aims: Increasing rates of substance use and substance use disorders especially in adolescents and young adults, changing patterns of use and associated problems and the introduction of new therapies and programs of care (prevention, early intervention, therapy, rehabilitation) require new need and allocation models especially because of restricted financial and care resources. These models should provide a rational basis for the improvement of allocation processes as well as setting priorities in the provision and restructuring of community and patientoriented interventions. In the present paper, we will present a project of the ASAT research network program which aims at a multi-staged, integrated epidemiology-based need and program evaluation in an area to determine institutional and therapeutical allocation processes. Methods: Based on a prospective epidemiological design, (1) prevalence and incidence, risk factors and course of substance use, abuse and dependence are investigated in a representative sample of the community-based EDSP study. Additionally, helpseeking behaviors, met and unmet need are assessed. (2) The investigation is supplemented by a survey of all substance use services in the area. (3) Course of substance use and service provision of substance use services in the area will be analyzed and reviewed to identify natural allocation processes and to determine the outcome. (4) With the knowledge of deficits and unmet need, improved allocation guidelines for specific groups of clients and patients will be developed. The results will be transferred into the regional health care system. Results and discussion: First results show that the identification of new risk groups with the help of course typologies is possible. The patterns of help-seeking point to a high rate of unmet need, especially with regard to the targeted early intervention, and a need of alternative allocation models. After the assessment and the overall data analyses, need evaluations and several alternative allocation models based on the clients'/patients' perspective will be provided
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