Solar infrared relative intensity data from the Halogen Occultation Experiment

Solar data from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) were analyzed to determine the center-to-limb relative intensity and the vertical temperature profile for the quiet and active Sun over wavelengths from 2.4 to 10 {dollar}\mu{dollar}m. An algorithm that incorporated a nonlinear least squares procedure was developed that modeled the HALOE instrument during data acquisition. Data obtained from limb-to-limb scans along the solar equator on days of very low activity in May 1994 were analyzed to obtain coefficients of a function describing the relative intensity from center to limb. The relative intensities produced were precise to 0.1% (2{dollar}\sigma{dollar}) from the center to 0.25 arc min from the limb. The brightness temperature from the flux and the temperature as a function of monochromatic optical depth were also calculated from the coefficients. These quantities were normalized using published central intensities and compared to a semiemperical model of the photosphere. In general, the calculated temperature quantities were in good agreement with the model predictions; however, differences occurring between 2.4 and 3 {dollar}\mu{dollar}m suggest that the central intensities used here are low.;HALOE solar data were also investigated to obtain the intensity of a sunspot relative to the photosphere. A nonlinear least squares method was used to retrieve relative intensity information for a large sunspot on August 19, 1942. at each wavelength a one-component sunspot model proved sufficient to fit the measurements to the digitization level of the instrument. Sunspot/photosphere intensity ratios were calculated at each wavelength with an uncertainty of 2%. Compared with previous measurements at shorter wavelengths from 0.387 to 2.35 {dollar}\mu{dollar}m, the data exhibit the same general trend of larger ratios with increasing wavelengths; however, a larger than anticipated gap exists between the previous value at 2.35 {dollar}\mu{dollar}m and the HALOE ratio value at 2.45 {dollar}\mu{dollar}m. The photospheric and sunspot temperatures were calculated at each wavelength and show slight decreases with increasing wavelength. A steep drop exhibited by the previous measurements between 1.67 and 2.35 {dollar}\mu{dollar}m is not supported by HALOE values. Consideration of terrestrial atmospheric effects in the previous data could explain this discrepancy

Brecht v. Abrahamson: Another Step Toward Evisceration of Habeas Corpus

As the amount of crime in this country increases, society is becoming more conscious of our criminal justice system. People are increasingly concerned with the outcome of criminal trials, specifically in assuring that crimes do not go unpunished. Determining guilt, ensuring that verdicts are not overruled on a technicality, and issuing punishment have taken precedence over the protection of constitutional rights. However, the Constitution is not only concerned with the outcome of criminal trials. It is just as surely concerned with individual rights and process

Waste Heat Recovery From a Compression Ignition Engine using a Combined Diesel Particulate Filter Heat Exchanger

Compression ignition (CI) engines have been a figurehead in the transportation industry for decades. However, as environmental regulations dictate increasingly strict emissions guidelines for engines, technologies must accordingly advance. To this end, this thesis describes the work of validating a combined diesel particulate filter heat exchanger (DPFHX) for CI engine exhaust waste heat recovery (WHR) in a Rankine Cycle (RC), a concept introduced in the first chapter of this thesis. The second chapter includes a comprehensive literature review, indicating the increasing prevalence of WHR in the literature. Additionally, with RC as the principal system for WHR and engine exhaust as the primary heat source, this research is exceptionally relevant. Furthermore, the primary aspects of an RC WHR system requiring individual optimization are the heat exchangers and expanders along with working fluid selection. As such, the third chapter discusses experiments to analyze and compare the DPFHX with various working fluids; thus, incorporating the literature trends of working fluid comparison and component specificity in the methodology. Consequently, in the DPFHX, water achieved a higher heat transfer rate by over 60% than the 50% by volume mixture of water and ethylene glycol, the two optimal working fluids in the apparatus without DPF cores. However, alterations made to the DPF cores’ outer diameters and lengths when installing them in the heat exchanger tubes prevented them from achieving the expected outcome (i.e., improving apparatus performance). Finally, the fourth chapter links the conclusions from this work to recommendations for future efforts to investigate DPFHXs

FMD Vaccine Surge Capacity for Emergency Use in the United States

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) presents the greatest economic threat to U.S. animal agriculture and is viewed as the most important transboundary animal disease in the world. An outbreak of FMD in the U.S. would have a devastating impact on the U.S. economy extending far beyond animal agriculture. The structure of modern animal agriculture in the U.S., including extremely large herds and extensive intraand inter‐state movement of animals and animal products will make it nearly impossible to control an FMD outbreak in livestock dense areas without the rapid use of tens of millions of doses of FMD vaccine. The amount of antigen in the North American FMD Vaccine Bank is far below what would be needed to provide vaccine for a single livestock dense state. It would take many months to produce/obtain the volume of vaccine needed. Without sufficient vaccine to aid in the response, FMD could rapidly spread across the U.S., resulting in the destruction and disposal of potentially millions of animals, and become an endemic disease in livestock with spread potentially facilitated by deer, feral swine or other freeliving animals. It would then require a much more extensive control program and could take many years to eradicate. Agriculture is critical infrastructure in the U.S. and cash receipts for livestock and poultry often exceed $100 billion per year. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a plan to ensure that adequate supplies of FMD vaccine with multiple strains of FMD virus are rapidly available in the event of an accidental or intentional introduction of FMD virus into the U.S. This white paper is part of an effort by the private sector stakeholder community to work with the Secretaries of Agriculture and Homeland Security as directed in Homeland Security Presidential Directive 9 to develop a National Veterinary Stockpile (NVS) with sufficient quantities of FMD vaccine to protect U.S. agriculture, food systems, and the economy