Torts—Libel—False Announcement of Betrothal Is Actionable Per Se Where the Parties Are Already Married to Others

Hinsdale v. Orange County Publications, Inc., 17 N.Y.2d 284, 217 N.E.2d 650, 270 N.Y.S.2d 592 (1966)

Tidal controls on the lithospheric thickness and topography of Io from magmatic segregation and volcanism modelling

Tidal heating is expected to impart significant, non-spherically-symmetric structure to Jupiter's volcanic moon Io. A signature of spatially variable tidal heating is generally sought in observations of surface heat fluxes or volcanic activity, an exploration complicated by the transient nature of volcanic events. The thickness of the lithosphere is expected to change over much longer timescales, and so may provide a robust link between surface observations and the tidal heating distribution. To predict long-wavelength lithospheric thickness variations, we couple three-dimensional tidal heating calculations to a suite of one-dimensional models of magmatic segregation and volcanic eruption. We find that the lithospheric thickness could either be correlated with the radially integrated heating rate, or weakly anti-correlated. Lithospheric thickness is correlated with radially integrated heating rate if magmatic intrusions form at a constant rate in the lithosphere, but is weakly anti-correlated if intrusions form at a rate proportional to the flux through volcanic conduits. Utilising a simple isostasy model we show how variations in lithospheric thickness can predict long-wavelength topography. The relationship between lithospheric thickness and topography depends on the difference in chemical density between the lithosphere and mantle. Assuming that this difference is small, we find that long-wavelength topography anti-correlates with lithospheric thickness. These results will allow future observations to critically evaluate models for Io's lithospheric structure, and enable their use in constraining the distribution of tidal heating.Comment: Published in Icaru

Chlamydia muridarum Genital and Gastrointestinal Infection Tropism Is Mediated by Distinct Chromosomal Factors

Some members of the genus Chlamydia, including the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, infect multiple tissues, including the genital and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. However, it is unknown if bacterial targeting to these sites is mediated by multifunctional or distinct chlamydial factors. We previously showed that disruption of individual large clostridial toxin homologs encoded within the Chlamydia muridarum plasticity zone were not critical for murine genital tract infection. Here, we assessed whether cytotoxin genes contribute to C. muridarum GI tropism. Infectivity and shedding of wild-type (WT) C. muridarum and three mutants containing nonsense mutations in different cytotoxin genes, tc0437, tc0438, and tc0439, were compared in mouse genital and GI infection models. One mutant, which had a nonsense mutation in tc0439, was highly attenuated for GI infection and had a GI 50% infectious dose (ID50) that was 1,000 times greater than that of the WT. GI inoculation with this mutant failed to elicit anti-chlamydial antibodies or to protect against subsequent genital tract infection. Genome sequencing of the tc0439 mutant revealed additional chromosomal mutations, and phenotyping of additional mutants suggested that the GI attenuation might be linked to a nonsense mutation in tc0600 The molecular mechanism underlying this dramatic difference in tissue-tropic virulence is not fully understood. However, isolation of these mutants demonstrates that distinct chlamydial chromosomal factors mediate chlamydial tissue tropism and provides a basis for vaccine initiatives to isolate chlamydia strains that are attenuated for genital infection but retain the ability to colonize the GI tract and elicit protective immune responses

On the enigmatic mid-Proterozoic : Single-lid versus plate tectonics

The mid-Proterozoic (ca. 1850-850 Ma) is a peculiar period of Earth history in many respects: ophiolites and passive margins of this age are rare, whereas anorthosite and A-type granite suites are abundant; metamorphic rocks typically record high thermobaric (temperature/pressure) ratios, whereas ultrahigh pressure (UHP) rocks are rare; and the abundance of economic mineral deposits features rare porphyry Cu-Au and abundant Ni-Cu and Fe-oxide Cu-Ag (IOCG) deposit types. These collective observations have been used to propose that a stagnant-lid, or single-lid, tectonic regime operated at this time, between periods of plate tectonics in the Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic. In our reappraisal of the mid -Proterozoic geological record, we not only assess the viability of the single-lid hypothesis for each line of evidence, but also that of the plate tectonic alternative. We find that evidence for the single-lid hypothesis is equivocal in all cases, whereas for plate tectonics the evidence is equivocal or supporting. We therefore find no reason to abandon a plate tectonic model for the mid-Proterozoic time period. Instead, we propose that the peculiarities of this enigmatic interval can be reconciled through the combination of two processes working in tandem: secular mantle cooling and the exceptionally long tenure and incomplete breakup of Earth's first supercontinent, where both of these phenomena had a dramatic effect on lithospheric behaviour and its resulting imprint in the geological record. (c) 2022 British Geological Survey (c) UKRI 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Instanton size distribution in O(3)

We present calculations of the size distribution of instantons in the 2d O(3) non-linear sigma-model, and briefly discuss the effects cooling has upon the configurations and the topological objects. (This preprint is also available via anonymous ftp to suna.amtp.liv.ac.uk in /pub/pss/ as instdist.uue.)Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX, needs cite.sty (appended), with appended uuencoded compressed tarfile of PostScript figures, Liverpool preprint LTH-33

The beginning of time? Evidence for catastrophic drought in Baringo in the early nineteenth century

New developments in the collection of palaeo-data over the past two decades have transformed our understanding of climate and environmental history in eastern Africa. This article utilises instrumental and proxy evidence of historical lake-level fluctuations from Baringo and Bogoria, along with other Rift Valley lakes, to document the timing and magnitude of hydroclimate variability at decadal to century time scales since 1750. These data allow us to construct a record of past climate variation not only for the Baringo basin proper, but also across a sizable portion of central and northern Kenya. This record is then set alongside historical evidence, from oral histories gathered amongst the peoples of northern Kenya and the Rift Valley and from contemporary observations recorded by travellers through the region, to offer a reinterpretation of human activity and its relationship to environmental history in the nineteenth century. The results reveal strong evidence of a catastrophic drought in the early nineteenth century, the effects of which radically alters our historical understanding of the character of settlement, mobility and identity within the Baringo–Bogoria basin