High performance n(+)/p and p(+)/n germanium diodes at low-temperature activation annealing

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Gaya kepemimpinan KH. R. Sadad MB. Bukhori di Pondok Pesantren Asyrofuddin Conggeang Sumedang

Kepemimpinan di lembaga pendidikan Islam mempengaruhi lingkungan dalam merealisasikan visi dan misi, termasuk kepemimpinan di pondok pesantren. Keberhasilan suatu kepemimpinan bergantung pada gaya kepemimpinan seseorang. Pondok Pesantren Asyrofuddin bertujuan untuk melahirkan generasi yang berakhlak mulia, cerdas, mandiri dan memiliki tanggung jawab. Tujuan itu dapat tercapai dengan pengelolaan yang baik oleh pimpinannya. Peneliti melihat beberapa pondok pesantren ada yang berkembang dan tidak berkembang. Peneliti menemukan bahwa salah satu faktor berkembang dan tidak berkembangnya di sebabkan oleh pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada gaya kepemimpinan KH. R. Sadad MB. Bukhori di Pondok Pesantren Ayrofuddin Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Data yang diperoleh berasal dari sumber primer yang diambil dari hasil penelitian dan data sekunder diambil dari buku-buku dan dokumen-dokumen. Sedangkan tekhnik pengumpulan data dengan cara melakukan observasi, dan wawancara. Kepemimpinan KH. R. Sadad MB. Bukhori berdasarkan penelitian mampu mempengaruhi para anggota kepengurusan supaya bekerja sama guna mencapai tujuan yang sama pada Pondok Pesantren Asyropuddin. Pondok Pesantren Asyropuddin tidak lepas dari peran beliau dengan tipe kepemimpinan demokratis, dikatakan demokratis yaitu, beliau mampu menetapkan faktor manusia sebagai faktor utama dan terpenting. Dalam kepemimpinan ini setiap individu sebagai manusia diakui, sehingga setiap keputusan dan pengawasan beliau tidak ditetapkan oleh sepihak namun di tetapkan secara bersama-sama. Upaya-upaya yang dilakukan KH. R. Sadad MB. Bukhori dalam kepemimpinannya di Pondok Pesantren Asyrofuddin, yaitu pengambilan keputusan dengan proses tidak secara sepihak namun dilakukan dengan proses musyawarah begitupun di setiap pengambilan keputusan beliau melakukan pengambilan keputusan dengan cepat dan sigap walaupun permasalah tersebut merupakan permasalahn kecil, komunikasi dengan proses dimana para anggota melakukan komunikasi atasan terhadap bawahan begitupun bawahan terhadap atasan sehingga menimbulkan timbal balik yang menguntungkan antara dua belah pihak namun dalam hal semua itu tidak ada kecanggungan ataupun batasan dalam berpendapat, dan yang terakhir upaya dalam hal pengawasan dengan proses secara langsung terhadap bawahannya namun dengan cara kekeluargaan adapun pengawasan yang dilakukan beliau bukan untuk mencari kesalahan namun lebih kepada mencari solusi. Keberhasilan yang dicapai dari kepemimpinan beliau secara signifikan meningkatnya, yaitu dapat dilihat dari adanya sistem pendidikan yang diterapkan oleh pesantren dan dari perkembangan sarana yang membaik

Initial Stages of Thermally and Hot-Wire Assisted CVD Copper on SiLK (R) and LTO Substrates Activated with Mercaptopropyl Triethoxysilane Self-Assembled Monolayers

The initial stages of thermal and hot-wire assisted CVD (HWCVD) of copper were studied with atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. The substrates used were Si (100) wafers covered either with low-temperature silicon oxide (LTO) or with SiLK (R) on which self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of (3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) were applied. CupraSelect (R) (commercial name of hexafluoroacetylacetonate Cu(I) trimethylvinylsilane) was used as precursor and delivered in the reactor with the aid of a direct-liquid injection system. Thermally grown Cu films follow the initial topography of the substrate thus amplifying the roughness of the initial topography. HWCVD yields smoother films because the growth of Cu is due to entire molecules of the precursor, similarly to thermal CVD, and to activated, easily dissociated, species produced near the hot filament in the gas phase. Once trapped on surface irregularities these species probably dissociate and the deposited metal smooth out the surface yielding smoother Cu films

Resource Evaluation and Development Plans for a 120 MW Geothermal Power Plant on Milos Island, Greece

Five deep wells have been drilled on the Island of Milos, Greece, identifying a high-temperature, high-enthalpy geothermal reservoir. The thermodynamic properties of the fluid, and the estimated porosity and presumed thickness of the formation suggest a fluid and heat storage capacity that could support a 60 MWe power plant for 85 years or a 120 MWe for half that time. The existing five wells can deliver 180 t/h of steam at 10 bar abs pressure, capable of generating a maximum electric power output of slightly less than 20 MWe. This paper describes the geology, the drilling and the well testing results pertaining to the five wells, and discusses the reservoir potential for a 60 MWe geothermal power plant

Growth and characterization of uniform ZnO films as piezoelectric materials using a hydrothermal growth technique

ZnO nanostructures, especially in the form of dense arrays of nanorods or belts have the ability to efficiently convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. One of the drawbacks though for the exploitation of nanorod technology for commercial devices is the ability to make the electrical contacts to these nanostructured piezoelectric converting elements. Although technologies have been developed that provide solutions for electrical contact issues, metal contact on uniform thin films are much simpler, and can readily be implemented to commercial mass-produced applications. At the same time it is known that high piezoelectric coefficients ZnO uniform films with columnar grains having their c-axis perpendicular to the substrate are required. In this work, we investigate the growth of uniform ZnO films, using a low temperature, low cost hydrothermal process typically used for the fabrication of ZnO nanorods. Under appropriate conditions coalescence of the nanorods occur resulting in uniform films with a columnar structure. The study focuses on understanding the role of the growth factors in order to be able to fully control the proposed process. Moreover, the hydrothermal method is further exploited for the fabrication of uniform ZnO nanostructures on patterned substrates with Au interdigitated electrodes (IDE) using standard lithography as a proof-of-concept of the applicability of the method to standard microfabrication techniques. The piezoelectric films with the IDEs are electrically characterized in order to assess the electrical properties of the grown films. From this analysis, process conditions have been identified for the growth of uniform nanostructured ZnO films, suitable for piezoelectric microgenerators

Organic solar cells of enhanced efficiency and stability using zinc oxide:zinc tungstate nanocomposite as electron extraction layer

In this work, the enhanced performance of inverted bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) using zinc oxide (ZnO):polyoxometalate (POM), in particular sodium metatungstate (Na6H2W12O40), nanocomposite films as electron extraction layers (EELs) is demonstrated. The addition in the precursor solution of ZnO of sodium metatungstate results in the formation of ZnO:ZnWO4 nanocomposite as evidenced by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and photoluminescence measurements. The formation of ZnO:ZnWO4 heterointerface reduces the work function of the nanocomposite material leading to a more favorable electron extraction/transport at the organic blend/electron transport layer interface. Additionaly, the amount of zinc interstitial defects is suppressed having a profound positive effect on device stability. As a result, simultaneously improved open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor (FF) are obtained in the devices using the ZnO:ZnWO4 nanocomposites. Therefore, both of the inverted BHJ OSCs composed of either poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) or P3HT:indene-C60 bisadduct (IC60BA) photoactive blends show a significant performance enhancement when using the nanocomposite electron extraction layer, exhibiting a 27% and 23%, respectively, improvement in their power conversion efficiency (PCE) values compared to the reference devices based on pristine ZnO. In addition, the devices with the ZnO:ZnWO4 layer exhibit a remarkable stability enhancement retaining 95% of their initial PCE value upon storage for 500 h. © 2019 Elsevier B.V