Spatio-structural granularity of biological material entities

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>With the continuously increasing demands on knowledge- and data-management that databases have to meet, ontologies and the theories of granularity they use become more and more important. Unfortunately, currently used theories and schemes of granularity unnecessarily limit the performance of ontologies due to two shortcomings: (i) they do not allow the integration of multiple granularity perspectives into one granularity framework; (ii) they are not applicable to cumulative-constitutively organized material entities, which cover most of the biomedical material entities.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The above mentioned shortcomings are responsible for the major inconsistencies in currently used spatio-structural granularity schemes. By using the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) as a top-level ontology and Keet's general theory of granularity, a granularity framework is presented that is applicable to cumulative-constitutively organized material entities. It provides a scheme for granulating complex material entities into their constitutive and regional parts by integrating various compositional and spatial granularity perspectives. Within a scale dependent resolution perspective, it even allows distinguishing different types of representations of the same material entity. Within other scale dependent perspectives, which are based on specific types of measurements (e.g. weight, volume, etc.), the possibility of organizing instances of material entities independent of their parthood relations and only according to increasing measures is provided as well. All granularity perspectives are connected to one another through overcrossing granularity levels, together forming an integrated whole that uses the <it>compositional object perspective </it>as an integrating backbone. This granularity framework allows to consistently assign structural granularity values to all different types of material entities.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The here presented framework provides a spatio-structural granularity framework for all domain reference ontologies that model cumulative-constitutively organized material entities. With its multi-perspectives approach it allows querying an ontology stored in a database at one's own desired different levels of detail: The contents of a database can be organized according to diverse granularity perspectives, which in their turn provide different <it>views </it>on its content (i.e. data, knowledge), each organized into different levels of detail.</p

Análise das intervenções de terapia ocupacional no desempenho das atividades de vida diária em crianças com paralisia cerebral: uma revisão sistemática da literatura Analysis of occupational therapy interventions in the performance of everyday activities in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature

OBJETIVOS: avaliar, através da seleção e análise criteriosa de artigos, os efeitos das intervenções voltadas para a promoção do desempenho de atividades de vida diária, utilizadas por terapeutas ocupacionais, em crianças com paralisia cerebral. MÉTODOS: a busca na literatura foi realizada nas bases eletrônicas: Ovid, Medline, CINAHL e Lilacs, incluindo artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2001 e maio de 2006, nos idiomas inglês e português, utilizando os seguintes descritores: "terapia ocupacional", "paralisia cerebral" e "criança". Foram selecionados quatro estudos, seguindo critérios de inclusão pré-definidos, avaliados quanto à qualidade metodológica com a escala OTSeeker. RESULTADOS: a análise da qualidade metodológica dos estudos selecionados revelaram pontuações de magnitudes baixa à moderada na escala OTSeeker. Foram encontradas diferenças quanto ao tipo de intervenção utilizada para a promoção das atividades de vida diária, bem como dos desfechos investigados. CONCLUSÕES: a análise crítica dos artigos sugere que o contexto no qual a criança com paralisia cerebral está inserida parece ser um fator importante no seu desempenho funcional. A avaliação sistemática da literatura sobre os efeitos de intervenções de Terapia Ocupacional na promoção de atividades de vida diária em crianças com paralisia cerebral poderá contribuir para uma prática baseada em evidências, entre esses profissionais.<br>OBJECTIVES: to evaluate, by means of a careful search for and analysis of articles, the effects of interventions used by occupational therapists to improve the performance of everyday activities in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: the search for literature on the subject was conducted using the electronic databases Ovid, Medline, CINAHL and LILACS, and covered articles published between January 2001 and May 2006, in English or Portuguese, using the following keywords: "occupational therapy", "cerebral palsy", and "child". Four studies were selected, according to previously determined inclusion criteria, and these were evaluated for their methodological quality using the OTSeeker scale. RESULTS: the analysis of the methodological quality of the selected studies revealed scores from low to moderate on the OTSeeker scale. There were differences in relation to the type of intervention used to promote everyday activities, and regarding the outcomes that were investigated. CONCLUSIONS: the context in which the child with cerebral palsy is living seems to be an important factor in his/her functional performance. The systematic evaluation of the literature on the effects of Occupational Therapy interventions in promoting everyday activities in children with cerebral palsy may contribute to evidence-based practices among these health professionals

Structure searching methods: general discussion.

This is the published record of a Faraday Discussion, not a peer-reviewed journal article

Encroachment of upland Mediterranean plant species in riparian ecosystems of southern Portugal

Riparian ecosystems have unique biodiversity, are highly sensitive to disturbance and anthropogenic influence. As world water resources become scarcer, scientists predict greater competition among species for water resources. Indeed, increased encroachment of upland plants into the riparian zone is already occurring, irreversibly changing riparian plant communities. Since semi-arid regions such as Mediterranean-type ecosystems are likely to follow this same trajectory, assessing the contributions of riparian versus upland (sclerophyllous) plants to community composition is important. A survey of seventy 2 km-long riparian transects on the Sado and Guadiana watersheds in southern Portugal assessed (1) the woody riparian plant community composition, (2) how much richness is due to strictly riparian plants versus sclerophyllous upland plants, and (3) which combinations of biotic and abiotic factors allow higher species richness in the strictly riparian, sclerophyllous, and overall plant communities. The survey detected 53 different woody plant species (28 endemic) across all communities. Riparian community richness was on average 16 species, seven of which were strictly riparian and the remainder being sclerophyllous, exotic species or fruit trees. Sclerophyllous plant species occurred consistently across sampling units (90% of transects). On average, 46% of the total woody plant community richness was due to strictly riparian plants and 28% was due to sclerophyllous plants. Community richness was positively affected by the area of shrubs in the riparian zone and by the absence of human activities and goats. Surrounding landscape pattern only affected the strictly riparian plant richness. These results suggest that natural and human-mediated disturbances in riparian ecosystems create gaps and clearings for which riparian and sclerophyllous plants compete. Establishment success seems to be related to the propagule pressure of the neighbouring landscape, its diversity and density, as well as the presence of herbivores. Preserving strictly riparian plants, removing exotic species, preventing grazing, and promoting riparian values (recreation, aesthetics and the provision of ecosystem services) will aid the future conservation of the unique biodiversity of riparian ecosystems