Oscillatory combustion in rockets Semiannual report, 1 Jun. - 30 Nov. 1968

Vaporization of droplets near critical poin

Oscillatory combustion in rockets Semiannual report, 1 Jun. - 31 Nov. 1969

Droplet vaporization in region of critical point in flowing stream and stagnant gas at high pressures, and varying temperature

History of Polar Bears as Summer Residents on the St. Matthew Islands, Bering Sea

Polar bears were found as summer residents on the St. Matthew Islands in the northern Bering Sea from the time of their discovery in the mid-18th century until the late 19th century, when the last bears were presumably shot by crews from Canadian and American sealers and a U.S. revenue cutter. Historical documents suggest that the killing of the last summer-resident polar bears on the St. Matthew Islands was an indirect consequence of the controversy between the United States and Great Britain over management of the fur seal harvest and the associated pelagic hunting of these seals. Although polar bears have continued to be present near the St. Matthew Islands in winter, when sea ice is present, a metapopulation of summer-resident bears has not reestablished on these islands. In 1972, the State of Alaska considered a proposal to reestablish a summer-resident polar bear population on the St. Matthew Islands, and since 2008, when the United States listed the polar bear as a threatened species, such reestablishment has been suggested as a conservation strategy. However, given the observed changes in local Bering Sea ice conditions in recent decades, the lack of detailed information on the population ecology and habitat dependencies of the historical St. Matthew bears, and the unavailability of an analogous extant metapopulation of polar bears for comparison, it is highly unlikely that reestablishment of summer-resident polar bears on the St. Matthew Islands could be realized.Des ours polaires résidaient l’été sur les îles St. Matthew, dans le nord de la. mer de Béring, du moment où ils ont été découverts vers le milieu du XVIIIe siècle jusque vers la fin du XIXe siècle, lorsque les derniers ours auraient été tués par les équipages de phoquiers canadiens et américains ainsi que par des pataches de la douane américaine. Des documents historiques laissent entendre que la mise à mort des derniers ours polaires d’été sur les îles St. Matthew était une conséquence indirecte de la controverse entre les États-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne au sujet des récoltes d’otaries à fourrure et de la chasse pélagique connexe de ces otaries. Bien que la présence des ours polaires se soit poursuivie dans les environs des îles St. Matthew l’hiver, lorsqu’il y a de la glace de mer, une métapopulation d’ours d’été ne s’est pas réimplantée sur ces îles. En 1972, l’État de l’Alaska a considéré une proposition en vue du rétablissement de la population d’ours polaires résidant sur les îles St. Matthew l’été, et depuis 2008, lorsque les États-Unis ont ajouté les ours polaires à la liste des espèces menacées, ce rétablissement a été suggéré en guise de stratégie de conservation. Cependant, compte tenu des changements observés dans le régime des glaces de la mer de Béring ces dernières décennies, de l’absence de renseignements détaillés sur l’écologie de la population et sur les dépendances à l’habitat des ours historiques de St. Matthew, de même que de l’absence d’une métapopulation analogue historique à des fins de comparaison, il est peu vraisemblable que le rétablissement des ours polaires en résidence d’été sur les îles St. Matthew puisse se concrétiser

Oscillatory combustion in rockets Third semiannual report, Jun. 1 - Nov. 30, 1965

Rocket engine oscillatory combustion studie

Captive-born collared peccary (Pecari tajacu, Tayassuidae) fails to discriminate between predator and non-predator models

Captive animals may lose the ability to recognize their natural predators, making conservation programs more susceptible to failure if such animals are released into the wild. Collared peccaries are American tayassuids that are vulnerable to local extinction in certain areas, and conservation programs are being conducted. Captive-born peccaries are intended for release into the wild in Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. In this study, we tested the ability of two groups of captive-born collared peccaries to recognize their predators and if they were habituated to humans. Recognition tests were performed using models of predators (canids and felids) and non-predators animals, as well as control objects, such as a plastic chair; a human was also presented to the peccaries, and tested as a separate stimulus. Anti-predator defensive responses such as fleeing and threatening displayswere not observed in response to predator models. Predator detection behaviors both from visual and olfactory cues were displayed, although they were not specifically targeted at predator models. These results indicate that collared peccaries were unable to recognize model predators. Habituation effects, particularly on anti-predator behaviors, were observed both with a 1-h model presentation and across testing days. Behavioral responses to humans did not differ from those to other models. Thus, if these animals were to be released into the wild, they should undergo anti-predator training sessions to enhance their chances of survival

Function, size and form of the gastrointestinal tract of the collared Pecari tajacu (Linnaeus 1758) and white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari (Link 1795)

The peccary digestive tract is characterised by an elaborate forestomach. In order to further characterise the digestive function of peccaries, we report body mass, digestive organ mass, content mass of the gastrointestinal tract compartments and their length and width, as well as liver, parotis and mandibular gland mass. Our data on eleven collared and four white-lipped peccaries suggest that peccaries have a small relative stomach volume compared to other foregut fermenters, which implies a comparatively lower fermentative capacity and thus forage digestibility. The forestomach could enable peccaries to deal, in conjunction with their large parotis glands, with certain plant toxins (e.g. oxalic acid). The finding of sand being trapped in the forestomach blindsacs could indicate a disadvantage of the peccary forestomach design. The relevance of the forestomach to peccaries remains enigmatic