As macropolíticas educacionais e a micropolítica de gestão escolar: repercussões na saúde dos trabalhadores

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to analyze and interpret the policies of labor management in force in the public school system of Rio de Janeiro, in its relationship with the health of school workers. By means of qualitative research, workers from twelve schools were interviewed, and the interviews were interpreted according to an approach of discourse analysis. The policies that were most quoted by the interviewees were: administrative policies associated with the health of education professionals, such as functional rehabilitation and medical leave; the policies associated with teaching practices, such as automatic promotion, the system of cycles and the New School Program; and, also, the policies associated with the current model of public management, such as outsourced employees. We found that the hegemonic paradigm of labor management has not taken into consideration the context of the labor where the micro-political management of this activity is performed. Building on the interviews, we verified how much the educational macro-policies and the governmental measures can determine the current circumstances of health among education professionals, so that a set of actions is necessary to change the conditions and the organization of labor which cause the sickening of workers, and also the development of participative policies in order to reduce the leaves for medical reasons. We developed the argument that is necessary to know and transform the social and economic effects arising from the absence of public macro-policy of health intended for the labor in the schools.RESUMO O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar e interpretar as políticas de gestão do trabalho em vigor na rede de educação pública do Rio de Janeiro, em sua relação com a saúde dos trabalhadores de escolas. Por intermédio de uma pesquisa de base qualitativa, foram entrevistados trabalhadores de doze escolas, sendo as entrevistas interpretadas segundo o enfoque da análise do discurso. As políticas mais citadas pelos entrevistados foram: as políticas administrativas relacionadas à saúde dos profissionais da educação, como a readaptação funcional e a licença médica; as políticas relacionadas a práticas pedagógicas, como a política de aprovação automática, o sistema de ciclos e o Programa Nova Escola; e, ainda, as políticas relacionadas ao atual modelo de gestão pública, como a terceirização de funcionários. Constatamos que o paradigma hegemônico de gestão do trabalho em escolas não tem levado em consideração o contexto do trabalho onde se efetiva a gestão micropolítica dessa atividade. A partir das entrevistas, verificamos o quanto as macropolíticas educacionais e as medidas governamentais podem ser determinantes das atuais circunstâncias de saúde dos profissionais da educação, sendo necessário um conjunto de medidas para modificar as condições e a organização do trabalho que são geradoras de adoecimento, como o desenvolvimento de políticas participativas para diminuir os afastamentos por motivo de saúde. Desenvolvemos o argumento de que é preciso conhecer e transformar os efeitos sociais e econômicos originados da ausência de uma macropolítica pública de saúde voltada para o trabalho em escolas

Donation of organs and tissues for transplantation: Theoretical contributions.

This bibliographic review study aimed to make theoretical considerations related to the process of organ and tissue donation for transplantation in Brazil. The information source was composed of relevant publications from the Brazilian Association of Organ Transplants, as well as articles found in Latin and American databases, in addition to the current legislation. The increase in the donation rate depends on a broad and systematic look at the technical and legal issues inherent to the donation process. To strengthen this process, it is recommended to incorporate the social approach and the ethical perspective, based on technical and legal understanding and respect for the right of autonomy of potential donors and their families. Actions that ensure ethical-legal management presuppose a commitment to the quality and safety of the donation process, which must be strictly pursued by professionals in this context.This bibliographic review study aimed to make theoretical considerations related to the process of organ and tissue donation for transplantation in Brazil. The information source was composed of relevant publications from the Brazilian Association of Organ Transplants, as well as articles found in Latin and American databases, in addition to the current legislation. The increase in the donation rate depends on a broad and systematic look at the technical and legal issues inherent to the donation process. To strengthen this process, it is recommended to incorporate the social approach and the ethical perspective, based on technical and legal understanding and respect for the right of autonomy of potential donors and their families. Actions that ensure ethical-legal management presuppose a commitment to the quality and safety of the donation process, which must be strictly pursued by professionals in this context

Workers education and research in the construction of the solidarity action movement for the struggle for health: the case of the Brazilian Association of the Exposed to Asbestos (ABREA/RJ)

In this article we analyze the movement of a solidarity action group named Brazilian Association of the Exposed to Asbestos of Rio de Janeiro (ABREA/RJ). We focused on the workers' discourse and point of view about this movement, based on the perspective of qualitative studies and participatory investigation. Making use of the methodology of popular education, we have held group meetings based on the collaboration between workers and researchers, which turned out to be a good pedagogical strategy that helped in the reconstruction of solidarity bonds and health promotion. We have developed the argument that the health education practices related to the working world demand socialization of information and of scientific knowledge, together with an integrated political action that enables transformations in favor of a full citizenship in the work context. In order to make this happen we also advocate the indispensable presence of some elements, like participation, dialogue, solidarity and alliance between workers and researchers. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the national and international supporting nets to workers in order to strengthen the movement to proscribe asbestos, as well as the fact that the work itself can be a valuable element that triggers the organization of the struggle for health.Neste artigo, analisamos o movimento de um grupo de Ação Solidária denominado Associação Brasileira de Expostos ao Amianto do Rio de Janeiro (ABREA/RJ). Privilegiamos a fala e o ponto de vista dos próprios trabalhadores sobre o movimento, com base no enfoque dos estudos qualitativos e da investigação participativa. Sob a égide do método da educação popular, realizamos reuniões de grupo pautadas na colaboração entre trabalhadores e pesquisadores, o que se mostrou uma estratégia pedagógica facilitadora da reconstrução dos vínculos de solidariedade e da promoção da saúde. Desenvolvemos o argumento de que as práticas de educação em saúde, relativas ao mundo do trabalho, exigem socialização das informações e do conhecimento científico, aliadas a uma ação política integrada que potencialize transformações a favor de uma cidadania plena no trabalho. Outrossim, sustentamos o caráter imprescindível de alguns elementos para a concretização, a contento, de uma práxis educativa em saúde dos trabalhadores, a saber: participação, diálogo, solidariedade e aliança entre trabalhadores e pesquisadores. Por fim, enfatizamos o valor das redes - nas esferas nacional e internacional - de apoio aos trabalhadores no fortalecimento do movimento de banimento do amianto, como também o fato de o próprio trabalho ser um importante ativador da organização de luta pela saúde

Validation of a communication instrument for the transfer of nursing care in pediatrics / Validação de um instrumento de comunicação para transferência do cuidado de enfermagem em pediatria

Objective: to develop and validate the content of the Nursing Care Transfer Instrument for pediatric patients. Methods: methodological study, developed in two stages, involving 37 nurses. The first stage included the development of the instrument. The second step was the validation of content by the experts, using the Delphi technique and application of the pilot test. For data analysis, the Content Validity Index was used. Results: the instrument was developed with four components and reached an overall Content Validation Index of 0.95. The pilot test of the instrument was applied in 25 transfers of care by the nurses, who considered it applicable to the context of the study. Conclusion: the instrument was validated in terms of appearance/clarity, scope, relevance and applicability to the practice of nurses in the pediatric hospital context studied, without requiring much time for application by nurses.Objetivo: desarrollar y validar el contenido del Instrumento de Transferencia de Cuidados de Enfermería para pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: estudio metodológico, desarrollado en dos etapas, involucrando a 37 enfermeros. La primera etapa comprendió el desarrollo del instrumento. El segundo paso fue la validación de contenido por parte de los expertos, utilizando la técnica Delphi y aplicación de la prueba piloto. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el Índice de Validez de Contenido. Resultados: el instrumento fue desarrollado con cuatro componentes y alcanzó un Índice de Validación de Contenido global de 0,95. La prueba piloto del instrumento fue aplicada en 25 transferencias de cuidado por los enfermeros, quienes lo consideraron aplicable al contexto del estudio.Conclusión: el instrumento fue validado en términos de apariencia/claridad, alcance, pertinencia y aplicabilidad a la práctica de enfermeros en el contexto hospitalario pediátrico estudiado, sin requerir mucho tiempo para su aplicación por parte de los enfermeros.Objetivo: desenvolver e validar o conteúdo do Instrumento para Transferência do Cuidado de Enfermagem do paciente pediátrico. Métodos: estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em duas etapas, envolvendo 37 enfermeiros. A primeira etapa contemplou o desenvolvimento do instrumento. A segunda etapa foi a validação de conteúdo pelos experts, por meio da técnica Delphi e aplicação do teste piloto. Para análise dos dados foi empregado o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo. Resultados: o instrumento foi desenvolvido com quatro componentes e alcançou Índice de Validação de Conteúdo geral de 0,95. O teste piloto do instrumento foi aplicado em 25 transferências de cuidado pelas enfermeiras, que o consideraram aplicável ao contexto do estudo. Conclusão: o instrumento foi validado sob os aspectos da aparência/clareza, abrangência, pertinência e aplicabilidade à prática do enfermeiro no contexto hospitalar pediátrico estudado, sem demandar muito tempo para aplicação pelas enfermeiras.

The relationship between health and work of FUNASA's endemic diseases combat agents

O presente artigo analisa as relações entre saúde e trabalho dos agentes de combate às endemias (ACEs) da Fundação Nacional de Saúde (Funasa), lotados no município de Nova Iguaçu-RJ, que foram reintegrados ao quadro da administração pública após terem sido dispensados. Os objetivos principais deste estudo foram compreender a história da luta destes trabalhadores por reconhecimento social e justiça, cujo desfecho foi a readmissão ao trabalho, bem como conhecer os efeitos adversos na saúde em razão das condições da atividade de combate a endemias. Adotou-se como base metodológica os estudos participativos e, complementarmente, o enfoque da educação popular, realizando grupos de discussão com os trabalhadores. Trata-se, por conseguinte, de uma pesquisa de cunho pedagógico, na qual o diálogo é a relação fundamental. Dos temas identificados nos grupos de discussão obteve-se um repertório de problemas e questões que evidenciaram as más condições de trabalho e a desregulamentação de políticas de saúde voltada para os trabalhadores. Os próprios trabalhadores reconhecem a precarização de seu trabalho, conferindo grande responsabilidade à interferência da política. Referiram-se ainda a um período de incertezas, sofrido pela indefinição de responsabilidades entre os níveis de governo, durante o período de descentralização político-administrativa, e seus efeitos negativos na saúde. Mencionaram o possível aspecto de toxicidade dos inseticidas e os seus riscos de contaminação. Foram sinalizadas sugestões que podem ser adotadas, de modo a propiciar melhores condições de trabalho e de saúde.This article analyses the relationship between health and work of the Agentes de Combate às Endemias (ACE - endemic diseases combat agents) of Fundação Nacional de Saúde (FUNASA) who work in the city of Nova Iguaçu (Southeastern Brazil) and who were readmitted after being dismissed. It aims to give visibility to the questions which involved their reintegration to work and points to the workers' main worries related to their work situation. The methodology was participant research. Collective interviews were conducted, in which the main themes were identified and used in the research. These themes are related to political interference in their actions, their work conditions and institutional and professional rewards. The workers perceive the continuous precariousness of their job due to political interference and to political and administrative decentralization. Besides that, there is a professional devaluation of these workers from both the institution and the population in general. Finally, the workers gave suggestions regarding the changes that should be made in their work environment in order to give them better work conditions

Development and clinical application of hydrogel formulations containing papain and urea for wound healing

Hydrogels are used for wound treatment, as they may contain one or more active components and protect the wound bed. Papain is one of the active substances that have been used with this purpose, alongside urea. In this paper, carboxypolymethylene hydrogels containing papain (2% and 10% concentrations) and urea (5% concentration) were produced. Physical-chemical stability was performed at 0, 7, 15 and 30 days at 2-8ºC, 25ºC and 40ºC, as well as the rheological aspects and proteolytic activity of papain by gel electrophoresis. Clinical efficacy of the formulations in patients with lower limb ulcers was also evaluated in a prospective, single-center, randomized, double-blind and comparative clinical trial. The results showed 7-day stability for the formulations under 25ºC, in addition to approximately 100% and 15% of protein activity for 10% and 2% papain hydrogel, respectively. The rheological profile was non-Newtonian for the 10% papain hydrogel tested. There were no significant differences regarding the mean time for healing of the lesions, although 10% papain presented a better approach to be used in all types of tissue present in the wound bed

Comparative evaluation between the extenders TES-TRIS and ACP-112® and the association of Sálva Marajó oil (Lippia origanoides) in the quality of cryopreserved buffalo sperm

For artificial insemination, it is essential to use frozen semen, however the freezing process causes deleterious changes to the structure and integrity of sperm membranes that compromise the function of sperm. To avoid this cellular damage, extenders and suitable substrates must be used to recover the highest possible number of viable cells post-thaw. To this end, in the first experiment, we evaluated three different extenders: TES-TRIS, which is widely used for buffaloes; and an extender composed of powdered coconut water-based (ACP-112®) with or without milk (ACP-112®-milk) for buffalo semen freezing. In the second experiment, we evaluated the effect of Lippia origanoides oil extract on protecting buffalo sperm against cryoinjury arising from freezing semen. Semen was collected from ten buffalo bulls (10 ejaculates/bull) and diluted in TES-TRIS (control), ACP-112® or ACP-112®-Milk in the first experiment. In the second experiment, the samples were diluted in the diluent with the best results for sperm quality obtained in experiment I, and 2.5 ?g mL-1, 5 ?g mL-1 or 10 ?g mL-1 of the plant extract was added to treatments; and a control group containing only the diluent was also included. The fresh semen was analyzed for conventional features such as motility, concentration, morphology and viability. After thawing, the samples were evaluated again for motility, vigor and supra-vital staining, and then, were performed the of thermal-resistance test, hypoosmotic test and evaluated sperm membrane integrity with the fluorescent probes PI, FITC-PSA and JC-1 using flow cytometry. The data were submitted to ANOVA, and the results were compared by Tukey’s test at a significance of 5%. In the first experiment, the extender TES-TRIS showed better results for the various characteristics evaluated compared to ACP-112® and ACP-112®-Milk (P 0.05). Based on these data, we demonstrated the beneficial effects of TES-TRIS for post-thaw buffalo sperm quality; however, no protective effect was observed for buffalo sperm cryopreserved with the different tested concentrations of Lippia origanoides extract oil