SEEDLING PRODUCTION CATTLEYA ELDORADO IN SUBSTRATES WITH NUTRITIVE SOLUTION UNDER SHADING SCREENS

Further researches are necessary to better understand the various technical and physiological aspects entailed by the use of substrates, shading and mineral fertilization resulting otimization in their application in the production of Cattleya eldoradoseedlings. The study was conducted with the aim of verify the effect of shading screens in the initial growth of Cattleya eldoradoseedlings in substrates fertilized with nutritive  solution. The experimental design was completely randomized 2x3x2 factorial with four replications. The studied factors: (T1)= crushed cupuaçupeel (sub1); (T2)= industrialized coconut fiber (sub2); (T3)= blend 50% sub1 + 50% sub2 with and without nutritive solution under red or black cromatinet. The analyzed variables were: aerial part height, number of leaves and chlorophyll a and b throught 300 days. Fertilization with nutritive solution promotes height growth and number of leaves results in higher levels of chlorophyll a and b, under red as black cromatinet, indicated for seedlings growth.Pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para se entender melhor os vários aspectos técnicos e fisiológicos acarretados pelo uso de substratos, sombreamento e fertilização mineral, a fim de otimizar sua aplicação na produção de mudas de C. eldorado. Diante do exposto, o trabalho foi realizado com objetivo de verificar o efeito de telas de sombreamento no crescimento inicial de mudas de C. eldoradoem substratos fertilizados com adição de solução nutritiva. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3x2 com quatro repetições. Os fatores em estudo foram: (T1)= casca de frutos de cupuaçu triturada (sub1); (T2)= fibra de coco industrializada (sub 2); (T3)= 50% mistura de sub1 + 50% mistura de sub2 com e sem adição de solução nutritiva sob cromatinet vermelha e cromatinet preta. As variáveis avaliadas foram: a altura da parte aérea, número de folhas e clorofila a e b, ao longo de 300 dias após o transplantio. A fertilização com adição de solução nutritiva favorece o crescimento em altura e o número de folhas e resulta em maiores índices de clorofila a e b tanto em cromatinet vermelha quanto preta, sendo indicada para crescimento de mudas de C. eldorado

The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) ≈500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) wide-spread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications

Predição da precocidade sexual na pré e puberdade, através de escores visuais de conformação, precocidade e musculosidade em fêmeas da raça Nelore

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a campo a eficiência dos escores visuais de conformação de carcaça, precocidade de terminação e musculosidade (C.P.M.) na predição da precocidade da atividade sexual, em novilhas Nelores. O trabalho foi realizado na Fazenda Santa Rosa, município de Xinguara, sudeste do estado do Pará, latitude 7,10o ao W, longitude 49o ao S. O clima da região é o equatorial superúmido, tipo amazônico com temperaturas médias anuais de 26 o C, umidade relativa do ar = 78% e pluviosidade de 2000 mm/ano. Os animais foram manejados em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha, em sistema rotacionado, recebendo sal mineralizado ad libitum. Foram utilizadas 283 novilhas, as quais foram avaliadas na desmama (oito meses de idade), quanto ao peso corporal (PESO8), escores visuais de conformação de carcaça (C8), de precocidade de terminação (P8) e de musculosidade (M8). Aos 15 meses de idade, ou seja, no início da estação de monta, as novilhas foram reavaliadas quanto ao peso corporal (PESO15), escores visuais de conformação de carcaça (C15), de precocidade de terminação (P15) e de musculosidade (M15). Ainda, foram realizadas avaliações dos escores reprodutivos: ovário (OVÁRIO), útero (ÚTERO), tamanho (VULVA) e cor da vulva (COR), além de tamanho do corpo: comprimento (COMP), altura (ALTURA) e comprimento do UMBIGO. Foram avaliados ainda o peso (P_MÃE) e ano de nascimento da mãe (ANO), idade à prenhez (IDA_PREN) e parição (IDA_PAR) das novilhas. Houve correlação, de magnitude intermediária (r = 0,27 a 0,40), entre os escores de avaliações visuais de conformação de carcaça, precocidade de terminação e musculosidade aos oito e 15 meses de idade, indicando que estas avaliações... .The objective of this work was to evaluate in Nellore heifers raised on pasture the efficiency of visual scores of carcass conformation, the carcass termination and muscular precocity (C.P.M.) to predict the precocious onset of sexual activity. The work was conducted at Santa Rosa farm, Xinguara community, localized on southeast Para state at 7.10o W latitude and 49o S longitude. The climate are Amazonian - equatorial, characterized by median temperature of 26º C, relative humidity = 78% and high rain incidence (2000mm/year). The animals were raised using rotating system and receiving mineral salt ad libitum. The 283 heifers used in this work were evaluated at weaning (eight month of age) for body weight (PESO8), visual scores of carcass conformation (C8), and terminal carcass (P8) and musculature (M8) precocity. At 15 month of age, matting beginning, the heifers were reevaluated for body weight (PESO15), visual score of carcass conformation (C15), and terminal carcass (P15) and musculature (M15) precocity. It was still realized reproductive scores of ovary (OVARIO), uterus (UTERO), the size (VULVA) and color (COR) of external genitalia, beside of body sizes: length (COMP), height (ALTURA) and umbilical length (UMBIGO). It was still considerate the weight (P_MAE) and year of dam birth (ANO), and pregnancy (IDA_PREN) and parturition (IDA_PAR) of the heifers. The statistics showed a median intensity correlation (r = 0.27 to 0.40) between visual scores of carcass conformation, carcass termination and muscular precocity at eight and 15 month of age. These indicate that the two evaluations may be done together or separately, once the measures at eight-month point to those of 15 month of age. However, for a security selection of the animals, it is recommended to use the both evaluations. Considering the reproductive characteristics, only the OVARIO showed a... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Biotecnologia da reprodução em bovinos de corte e sua aplicação no Nordeste do México: aspiração folicular e fertilização in vitro

Reproductive efficiency of the beef cattle herd is the most determining factor of the herd productivity, likewise, the herd productivity depends directly on the utilization of the available biotechnology of reproduction. The available methodology in biotechnology of reproduction includes semen freezing, artificial insemination, synchronization and/or induction of estrus and ovulation, superovulation and embryo transfer and freeing, embryo dissection and ovum pick up and in vitro fertilization (OPU/FIV). The OPU/FIV of the UGRT, in northeast Mexico was established in febrary, 2018. From march through september, 250 OPU sessions were conducted using beef cows of several breeds; a total of 5,168 ovocytes were aspirated (22.4 per cow), with 62 % of viable ovocytes (13.9 per cow). Cleavage rate was 41.2 % (7.85/cow) and the embryo rate was 48.9 % (3.99 embryos per cow).La eficiencia reproductiva de los hatos de bovinos de carne es el factor preponderante, que determina la productividad de las empresas ganaderas, a su vez, la eficiencia reproductiva depende de la utilización de los métodos disponibles en biotecnología de la reproducción; los cuales incluyen congelación de semen, inseminación artificial, sincronización y/o inducción de la ovulación y el estro, superovulación, transferencia y congelación de embriones, bisección de embriones, inyección intra-citoplásmica de semen y aspiración folicular y fecundación in vitro (AF/FIV). El Laboratorio de AF/FIV, de la UGRT, en el noreste de México, se estableció en febrero, 2018. De marzo, 2018 a febrero, 2019, se realizaron aproximadamente 250 aspiraciones en vacas de razas de carne, las que incluyeron, Brangus Rojo, Brangus Negro, Beefmaster, Brahman, Charolais y Simbrah; de las cuales, se aspiró un total de 5,168 ovocitos (con una media de 22.4 ovocitos por vaca), con 62 % de ovocitos viables (con una media de 13.9 ovocitos viables por vaca). Se obtuvo el 41.2 % (7.85/vaca) de fecundación inicial y 48.9 % de blastocitos (3.99 blastocitos transferibles por vaca aspirada).                                                           &nbsp

Extraction and characterization of lipids from Sarcocornia ambigua meal: a halophyte biomass produced with shrimp farm effluent irrigation

Sarcocornia ambigua is a perennial glasswort, native of South America and a potential new seed-oil crop and forage for direct irrigation with salt water. Small seeds develop inside fertile segments of its cylindrical leafless shoots and, at the harvest, seeds are typically mixed with remnant cellulose material difficult to separate. This work evaluated different extraction methods and the composition of total esterified fatty acids in a meal of ground fertile shoots of S. ambigua, seeking for an alternative primary matter and larger yield of total lipids. The highest lipid yield was obtained with a chloroform:methanol mixture (2:1)(v/v) (5.2% of dry weight). The most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in the meal were linoleic acid (C18:2; 21.4%) and oleic acid (C18:1; 18.3%). Fifty six percent of the lipids in S. ambigua meal were saturated and palmitic acid (C16:0) was the main fraction (19.8%). Long-chain fatty acids (≥ C20) represented 29.5% of the lipids. Most abundant long-chain fatty acids were behenic acid (C22:0; 7.1%), lignoceric acid (C24:0; 5.3%) and montanic acid (C28:0; 4.0%). The percentage of saturated lipids in S. ambigua meal was higher than that of vegetable oils with a MUFA nutritional profile and some of these lipids have known bioactive propertiesSarcocornia ambigua é uma planta herbácea perene, nativa da América do Sul e uma nova oleaginosa com potencial para forrageira, cultivada por irrigação direta com água salgada. Suas pequenas sementes se desenvolvem dentro dos segmentos do seu caule cilíndrico sem folhas e, durante a colheita, as sementes se misturam com o material celulósico remanescente de difícil separação. Este trabalho avalia diferentes métodos de extração e a composição dos ácidos graxos esterificados na farinha de caules férteis de S. ambigua, visando uma matéria-prima alternativa e um maior rendimento lipídico. Um maior rendimento lipídico foi obtido utilizando uma mistura (2:1)(v/v) de clorofórmio e metanol (5,2% da massa seca). Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados mais abundantes na farinha foram o ácido linoleico (C18:2; 21,4%) e o ácido oleico (C18:1; 18,3%). Cinquenta e seis porcento dos lipídios da farinha de S. ambigua foram saturados e o ácido palmítico (C16:0) foi a principal fração (19,8%). Os ácidos graxos de cadeias longas (≥ C20) representaram 29,5% dos lipídios da farinha. Os ácidos graxos de cadeias longas mais abundantes foram o ácido behênico (C22:0; 7,1%), lignocérico (C24:0; 5,3%) e o ácido montânico (C28:0; 4,0%). A porcentagem de lipídios saturados na farinha de S. ambigua é significativamente maior do que os óleos comerciais com perfil nutricional MUFA e alguns dos lipídios encontrados possuem propriedades bioativas reconhecida

Detecção de Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus) no sêmen bovino mediante reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR)

The present study evaluated the use of PCR for Histophilus somni detection in bovine semen. Semen samples were experimentally infected with H. somni at dilutions ranging from 107 to 101 bacteria/mL and subjected to DNA extraction by the phenol/chloroform method, followed by PCR amplification. The amplification products were analyzed by electrophoresis in 8% acrylamide gel. The oligonucleotide primers used yielded an amplification fragment of 400 base pairs from the bacterial DNA. Positive amplification was obtained even for the 101 bacteria/mL dilution. PCR proved to be an efficient method for the detection of H. somni. The results obtained in this study have brought relevant information for the diagnosis of H. somni, justifying the need for the diagnosis of this bacterium in bulls, especially in semen samples that should be free of contamination. The PCR method has shown to be a useful tool for the quality control of semen produced in artificial insemination centers.O presente estudo avaliou o uso da PCR para a detecção do Histophilus somni no sêmen bovino. Amostras de sêmen foram contaminadas experimentalmente com H. somni diluída em escalas de 107 a 101 bactérias/ mL, submetidas à extração de DNA pelo método de fenol/clorofórmio e amplificadas pela PCR. Os produtos da amplificação do DNA foram analisados por eletroforese em gel de acrilamida 8%. Por meio de oligonucleotídeos iniciadores obteve-se a amplificação de um fragmento de 400 pares de bases a partir do DNA da bactéria. Conseguiu-se amplificação positiva até na diluição de 101 bactérias/mL. A PCR mostrou-se eficiente na detecção de H. somni. O resultado disponibiliza conhecimento relevante para o diagnóstico de H. somni, justificando a necessidade do diagnóstico dessa bactéria em reprodutores, especialmente em amostras de sêmen, que deveriam estar livres de qualquer contaminação. A PCR mostrou-se como uma valiosa ferramenta no controle da qualidade do sêmen produzido em centrais de inseminação artificial

Raman Lidar monitors emissions from sugar cane fires in the State of São Paulo: a pilot-project integrating radar, sodar, aerosol and gas observations

Ourinhos is situated in one of the major sugar cane producing regions in the State of São Paulo, where the manual harvesting is generally preceded by burning the foliage, resulting in large quantities of aerosols being emitted into the atmosphere. A onemonth pilot study was executed during August 2010, to characterize the effects of those emissions on the atmosphere, considering the local circulation and the consequences for the region. The plumes were tracked by IPMet´s two S-band Doppler radars, also deploying a large range of meteorological, physical and chemistry instrumentation: a mobile Lidar with Raman channel to observe elevated layers and the type of aerosols, a medium-sized Sodar, as well as 6 Automatic Weather Stations spread through town. Various gases and particulates were also sampled, providing the atmospheric chemistry data base and thus documenting the impact on the region. This paper highlights a case study on 26 August, when a plume was tracked by TITAN Radar Software from the start of the fire, moving southwards at 14-17 km.h-1 with the winds at about 3,5 km above ground level, until it reached Ourinhos 2h15min later, where it was observed by the Raman Lidar and also detected by the aerosol and gas samplers. The high aerosol load of the atmosphere was confirmed by hourly mean values of AOD varying between 0,265 and 0,288 until 07:00 LT, after which they increased to 0,433 by 09:00 LT, as well as hourly mean backscatter profiles. Hourly values of the Lidar Ratio identified the aerosols as biomass burning products, also confirmed through the analysis of gas and aerosol samples simultaneously collected at the Lidar site.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP