Biostimulant and substrates on litchi tree propagation by air layering

The production of quality seedlings is important for the crop cycle and the main propagation type is by the air layering technique, which can be enhanced by using different substrates and plant growth regulators. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a biostimulant and substrate types in the propagation of litchi tree by air layering. The experiment was installed in a commercial area in the city of Mogi Mirim, SP, Brazil and conducted in a randomized block design with a 5x2 factorial with four replications. The treatments consisted of five Stimulate® biostimulant concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 ml L-1) and two substrate types (Plantmax® and earthworm humus). After 120 days, the root length (cm), number of roots, calloused and rooted layers percentage (%), root fresh and dry mass (g) and root volume (cm3) were evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that the concentrations of 6.1 and 6.9 ml L-1 promoted greater success in litchi tree propagation and that the layers can be produced on both evaluated substrates.The production of quality seedlings is important for the crop cycle and the main propagation type is by the air layering technique, which can be enhanced by using different substrates and plant growth regulators. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a biostimulant and substrate types in the propagation of litchi tree by air layering. The experiment was installed in a commercial area in the city of Mogi Mirim, SP, Brazil and conducted in a randomized block design with a 5x2 factorial with four replications. The treatments consisted of five Stimulate® biostimulant concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 ml L-1) and two substrate types (Plantmax® and earthworm humus). After 120 days, the root length (cm), number of roots, calloused and rooted layers percentage (%), root fresh and dry mass (g) and root volume (cm3) were evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that the concentrations of 6.1 and 6.9 ml L-1 promoted greater success in litchi tree propagation and that the layers can be produced on both evaluated substrates.

Biometria dos frutos e uso de ácido giberélico na germinação de sementes de abieiro (Pouteria caimito)

No Brasil, existem diversas espécies de frutíferas nativas que ainda são pouco cultivadas, mas com grande potencial de exploração comercial, especialmente na região amazônica. Desta forma essa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a biometria dos frutos e o uso de ácido giberélico na germinação das sementes do abieiro. O primeiro experimento consistiu na avaliação da biometria dos frutos em amostra de 50 frutos, avaliaram-se: massa fresca do fruto, da casca, da polpa e da semente, número de sementes, comprimento longitudinal e diâmetro dos frutos. Amostras de frutos foram trituradas e no mosto avaliaram-se o pH, teor de sólidos solúveis e acidez. O segundo experimento consistiu na avaliação da germinação de sementes de abieiro imersas em soluções de ácido giberélico (AG3) nas doses de: 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg L-1. O delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições e 25 sementes por repetição. As parcelas corresponderam às doses do regulador vegetal, enquanto que as subparcelas corresponderam aos dias de avaliação após a semeadura (7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 e 35 dias). Foram avaliados a porcentagem de germinação, o tempo médio de germinação (TMG) e o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). Observou-se para o peso do fruto e o número da semente variabilidade média, enquanto que as demais características físicas e químicas apresentaram baixa variabilidade. O uso do ácido giberélico, não incrementou a porcentagem da germinação

Desenvolvimento de mudas de maracujazeiro BRS Rubi do Cerrado com a utilização de ácido giberélico

Foram avaliados os efeitos do ácido giberélico no desenvolvimento das mudas de maracujazeiro BRS Rubi do Cerrado (híbrido de maracujazeiro-azedo ou amarelo: Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa). Os tratamentos consistiram em seis doses de ácido giberélico (AG3): 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 mg L-1, aplicadas via pulverização foliar. Foram realizadas quatro pulverizações foliares com AG3 aos 0, 15, 30 e 45 dias após otransplantio das mudas para as sacolas plásticas.  Realizaram-se as avaliações aos 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após o transplantio. As variáveis avaliadas foram: número de folhas; massa seca da parte aérea, caule e raiz; comprimento da raiz; diâmetro e comprimento do caule; índice de área foliar e índice SPAD. Houve efeito isolado das doses de AG3 e das épocas de avaliação para a maioria das variáveis avaliadas. Obtiveram-se nas mudas do maracujazeiro cultivar BRS Rubi do Cerrado melhores resultados utilizando-se 150 mg L-1 com maior desenvolvimento aos 60 dias após o transplantio

Use of plant growth regulators in fig tree seedlings ‘Roxo de Valinhos’

The application of plant growth regulators can promote better development of the seedlings, essential for the success of fruit growing. The current study aims to evaluate the use of plant growth regulators in fig tree seedlings ‘Roxo de Valinhos’. The experiment was carried out in a suspended nursery covered with plastic, using rooted cuttings of the cultivar Roxo de Valinhos. Four applications were made with a commercial product, known as Stimulate®, at doses of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mL L-1. Using a randomized block experimental design, the study was subdivided into plots (doses X days of the last application [after 0, 7, 14 and 21]). The following traits were evaluated: stem and root length; stem diameter; root volume; leaf number; leaf area; stem, leaf and root dry mass; specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio; leaf area ratio; and chlorophyll total. Results indicated that the product promoted greater seedlings development at a dose range from 100 to 150 mL L-1. Different dose levels did not vary according to the days after product application. Furthermore, using such technique enabled seedlings of higher quality and vigour

Peaches phenology and production submitted to foliar nitrogen fertilizer and calcium nitrate

Choosing cultivars that require less chilling temperatures to overcome dormancy is crucial, for example, peaches that grow in subtropical areas, which is not an appropriate climate for them. Thus, alternative techniques are necessary to induce sprouting. Yet there are not many available products in market, restricting options for fruit growers to a reduced number of chemical molecules, which are often harm the health to applicators. Therefore, this study aimed to assess phenological cycles and productive performance of three peach cultivars, submitted to foliar nitrogen fertilizer and calcium nitrate to induce sprouting. This study took place at Experimental Orchard of School of Agriculture (FCA, UNESP), Botucatu, state of São Paulo. Three peach cultivars were evaluated: ‘Douradão’, ‘BRS Kampai’ and ‘BRS Rubimel’ by applying four doses of foliar nitrogen fertilizer (FNF) at 0, 1.25, 2.50 and 3.75%; associated with 4% calcium nitrate. A 3x4 factorial arrangement (3 cultivars X 4 FNF doses) in a randomized block design was used, with 4 replicates and 2 plants per plot, totalizing 96 plants. Results indicated that FNF positively affected cultivars development, providing wider sprouting, flowering and fruit set; consequently, greater production. Then FNF became a good alternative to induce sprouting in peaches at mild winter temperatures. Moreover, ‘BRS Rubimel’ presented high sowing percentage associated with low flowering and fruit set percentages, that is, low production mainly caused by its lack of adaptability to studied region

Fenologia, produção e qualidade dos frutos de cultivares de mangueira em condições subtropicais

Devido à enorme diversidade de cultivares e híbridos, assim como diferentes condições edafoclimáticas, o estudo do comportamento das cultivares de mangueira nas distintas regiões produtoras é de grande importância. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a fenologia, a produção e a qualidade dos frutos de cultivares de mangueira em condições subtropicais do estado de São Paulo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP em São Manuel-SP. Foram avaliadas as cultivares Espada Vermelha, Keitt e Palmer. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados, utilizando-se uma planta por parcela e 10 repetições. A fenologia foi avaliada considerando-se o número de dias para formação da panícula e das fases de desenvolvimento dos frutos, além da curva de crescimento dos mesmos e a exigência térmica. As avaliações referentes à produção foram: número de frutos produzidos por planta e por panícula; porcentagem de abortamento, produção, produtividade, eficiência produtiva e sazonalidade de produção. Quanto à análise física dos frutos, foram avaliados os diâmetros longitudinal e transversal, o formato e a massa do fruto, o rendimento de polpa, casca e caroço, calibre e cor da casca e da polpa. Em relação às características químicas e bioquímicas, avaliou-se: acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, “Ratio”, índice tecnológico, teor de ácido ascórbico, açucares redutor, não-redutor e total, carotenóides, atividade antioxidante, flavonóides e polifenóis. Com base nos resultados observou-se que as três cultivares avaliadas possuem duração dos estádios fenológicos distintas. A cultivar Keitt apresenta maior número de dias e maior exigência térmica para atingir a maturidade fisiológica dos frutos. As curvas de crescimento dos frutos de ‘Espada Vermelha’, Keitt’ e...Due to the enormous diversity of cultivars and hybrids, as well as different environmental conditions, the study of the performance of mango cultivars in different regions is of great importance. Given the above, this study aimed to assess the phenology, production and fruit quality of mango cultivars in subtropical conditions of the state of São Paulo. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of San Manuel Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP in São Manuel-SP. The Espada Vermelha, Keitt and Palmer were evaluated. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with one plant per plot and 10 repetitions. Phenology was evaluated by considering the number of days and the panicle formation stage of fruit development, plus the growth of the same and the thermal demand curve. For the production was evaluated: number of fruits per plant and per panicle, percentage of abortion of fruits, production, productivity, production efficiency and seasonality of production. For the physical analysis of the fruits were evaluated: longitudinal and transverse diameters, the shape and weight of the fruit, the yield of pulp, peel and seed, size and color of the skin and pulp. Regarding the chemical and biochemical characteristics were assessed: titratable acidity, soluble solids, Ratio, technological index, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, total sugars, total carotenoids, antioxidant activity, flavonoids and polyphenols. Based on the results it was observed that the three cultivars have different duration of phenological stages. The cultivar Keitt had the greatest number of days and thermal requirement to reach physiological maturity of the fruit. The growth curves of the fruit of ‘Espada Vermelha’, ‘Keitt’ and ‘Palmer’ behave the same way as a function of days after anthesis, and follow sigmoidal model. The 'Palmer' is a cultivar with better performance, with the highest ..

Biostimulant and substrates on litchi tree propagation by air layering.

The production of quality seedlings is important for the crop cycle and the main propagation type is by the air layering technique, which can be enhanced by using different substrates and plant growth regulators. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a biostimulant and substrate types in the propagation of litchi tree by air layering. The experiment was installed in a commercial area in the city of Mogi Mirim, SP, Brazil and conducted in a randomized block design with a 5x2 factorial with four replications. The treatments consisted of five Stimulate® biostimulant concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 ml L-1) and two substrate types (Plantmax® and earthworm humus). After 120 days, the root length (cm), number of roots, calloused and rooted layers percentage (%), root fresh and dry mass (g) and root volume (cm3) were evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that the concentrations of 6.1 and 6.9 ml L-1 promoted greater success in litchi tree propagation and that the layers can be produced on both evaluated substrates.A produção de mudas de qualidade é importante para o ciclo da cultura, na lichieira a técnica de propagação mais utilizada é a alporquia, que pode ser potencializada com o uso de diferentes substratos e reguladores vegetais. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de bioestimulante e tipos de substrato na propagação da lichieira, via alporquia. O experimento foi instalado em área comercial no município de Mogi Mirim/SP, e conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com fatorial de 5x2 e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em cinco doses do bioestimulante Stimulate® (0, 3, 6, 9, e 12 mL L-1) e dois tipos de substrato (Plantmax® e Húmus de minhoca). Após 120 dias avaliou-se o comprimento das raízes (cm), número de raízes, porcentagem de alporques calejados e enraizados (%), massa fresca e massa seca de raízes (g) e volume de raízes (cm3). Com base nos resultados, verificou-se que as doses estimadas de 6,1 e 6,9 mL L-1 promoveram maior sucesso na propagação de lichieira e que os alporques podem ser produzidos nos dois tipos de substratos avaliados

Carbohydrate levels in 'douradão' peach tree grown under subtropical conditions

Abstract Most studies ignored the translocation of carbohydrates in peach tree at different stages of growth, particularly under subtropical conditions that might affect the phenological cycle. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the carbohydrate levels in 'Douradão' peach when cultivated under subtropical condition. In field, peach trees were two years old, spacing of 6.0 x 4.0 m. The experiment design was randomized blocks, consisting of 3 plants per plot and 4 repetitions. Each of the following: roots, branches, leaves and fruits were separately done by ANOVA, since they were all collected at different periods. Leaves and branches samples were collected at different time periods, such as January, February, March, April, May, July, August, September, October and December. Root samples were collected in January, April, August, November and December. In November, fruits were collected whether 4 fruits per plant met the minimum Brix value of 10º. During the annual cycle, there were significant variations of carbohydrate levels in leaves, branches and roots. Thus, starch is the most common form of carbohydrate in trees, wherefore the highest levels was obtained in June, when leaves fall naturally