Genetic parameters and predicted gains with selection of interspecific hybrids of Paspalum for seed production

The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and predicted gains with selection of interspecific hybrids of Paspalum in relation to seed production traits Data were analyzed in randomized block design, with 23 genotypes arranged into ten blocks, according to the methodology of mixed models by the REML/BLUP procedure. The traits considered in the study were: number of total tillers/plant, number of reproductive tillers/plant, number of racemes/inflorescence, number of seeds/inflorescence, weight of a thousand seeds and seed production. Variability among genotypes, high heritability (>0.50), except total tillers (0.44) and number of racemes (0.36), and high accuracy (>0.90) were identified for all traits. The hybrids 10E5052, 10E4026, 10E507, 10E4025 and 10E40104 are among the top ten because they have high genetic values in three or more traits, indicating that these genotypes should be recommended for direct use in planting or potential parents to be used in new crosses

Agronomic performance of interspecific Paspalum hybrids under nitrogen fertilization or mixed with legumes

Nitrogen supply and mixtures with legumes affect agronomic performance of pas- tures, and both practices can guide breeding decisions in Paspalum hybrids. The goals of this study were: (a) quantify herbage accumulation (HA), leaf accumulation (LA), cold tolerance, and N use efficiency (NUE) in P. plicatulum × P. guenoarum hybrids subjected to N fertilization or grown in a mixture with legumes; (b) compare the grass–legume system to a grass–N fertilizer system; and (c) select the best hybrid for future cultivar releases. A randomized complete block design with three repli- cations and a split-plot treatment arrangement was used for 2 yr, with five N rates (0, 60, 120, 240, and 480 kg N ha−1) and a grass–legume mixture [grass + white clover (Trifolium repens L.) + birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.)] as whole plots, and six genotypes as subplots (hybrids: 1020133, 102069, 103084, 103061; and controls: P. guenoarum ‘Azulão’ and Megathyrsus maximus ‘Aruana’). Higher N rates increased HA, LA, and cold tolerance. Higher NUE was obtained between 60 and 120 kg N ha−1. In the grass–legume mixture HA was similar to the rates of 60 and 120 kg N ha−1. Hybrid 1020133 had HA similar to the controls, LA greater than Aruana, and greater cold tolerance and NUE at 60 kg N ha−1 than Azulão and Aruana. Hybrid 1020133 should be selected for further animal performance stud- ies. The agronomic performance of perennial pastures can be improved through N management, and NUE should be a selection criterion in forage breeding

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Desempenho forrageiro e sementeiro de um grupo elite de híbridos intraespecíficos de Paspalum notatum

Previous studies for agronomy characterization in a P. notatum collection, selected the genotypes ‘André da Rocha’, ‘Bagual’, ‘V4’, ‘83N’, ‘95N’ and ‘36N’ to be used in the Bahiagrass breeding program of UFRGS. Since the sexual tetraploids: C44X, Q4188 and Q4205 were available, these plants were used in crosses as mothers with the selected ecotypes as pollen donor. The progeny was evaluated for forage yield and had their reproduction mode identified. An elite group of nine intraspecific hybrids plus the controls ‘Bagual’, ‘V4’ and ‘Pensacola’ were arranged in a RCBD with three replications. There were evaluated over years and seasons for forage components and for two years for seed components, germination, viable seeds and dormancy. This study aimed: i) select superior agronomic P. notatum intraspecific hybrid for forage and seed production; ii) determine forage components of genotypes swards, cold tolerance and regrowth vigor; iii) characterize seed yield components, physiological and physical quality; iv) identify the forage components most related to herbage mass production; v) identify the variables most related to seed production; vi) provide information about reproductive phenology. Evaluations across harvest were performed during 2016/17 and 2017/18. Each time 70% of all genotypes reached 95% of luminous intercept to target the seed production, plots were deferred from the cuts when the beginning of the internode elongation was observed. Furthermore, the seed components variables were assessed in the harvest time. There were differences among genotypes, years and seasons for most of the variables assessed. The genotypes showed different performances for the traits allowing different patterns of seasonal forage yield, flowering period, seed yield and quality. The hybrids ‘C15’, ‘C18’, ‘336’, ‘437’ demonstrated desirable aspects in forage distribution, larger annual production being equal or better than ‘Bagual’ and ‘V4’. ‘Bagual’ and hybrids ‘C18’, ‘336’ stood out for seed production. ‘Pensacola’ showed poorly forage yield and seed performance. It was infected with high weeds not being a good check option. The hybrid ‘C15’ had a reasonable seed production in the first year and badly in the second year. The reason for that was negatively affected by the deferred management. Due to its highly forage yield and apomixis, more studies need to be done to establish the management to improve seed yield and qualityEstudos anteriores para caracterização agronômica em uma coleção P. notatum selecionaram os genótipos 'André da Rocha', 'Bagual', 'V4', '83N', '95N' e '36N' para serem utilizados no programa de melhoramento genético da UFRGS. Uma vez disponíveis os os tetraplóides sexuais: C44X, Q4188 e Q4205, essas plantas foram utilizadas como mães em cruzamentos com os ecótipos selecionados os quais foram utilizados como doadores de pólen. A progênie foi avaliada quanto ao rendimento de forragem e teve seu modo de reprodução identificados. Um grupo de elite de nove híbridos intraespecíficos de grande produção forrageira, mais os controles 'Bagual', 'V4' e 'Pensacola' foram arranjados em um delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições e avaliados por anos e por estações do ano para componentes forrageiros e durante dois anos para componentes do rendimento de sementes, germinação, sementes viáveis e dormência. Este estudo objetivou: i) selecionar híbridos intraespecíficos de P. notatum agronomicamente superiores para produção de forragem e sementes; ii) determinar os componentes forrageiros, tolerância ao frio e vigor de rebrota; iii) caracterizar os componentes de produção de sementes, qualidade fisiológica e física; iv) identificar os componentes forrageiros relacionados à produção de forragem; v) identificar as variáveis relacionadas à produção de sementes; As avaliações ao longo da colheita foram realizadas durante 2016/17 (ano 1) e 2017/18 (ano 2), cada vez que 70% de todos os genótipos atingiram 95% de interceptação luminosa. Visando a produção de sementes, as parcelas foram diferidas dos cortes quando se observou o início do alongamento dos entrenós, e as variáveis dos componentes das sementes foram avaliadas por ocasião da colheita. Houve diferenças entre genótipos, anos e estações para a maioria das variáveis avaliadas. Os genótipos apresentaram diferentes desempenhos para os caracteres, permitindo identificar diferentes padrões de produção de forragem nas estações, produtividade e qualidade das sementes. Os híbridos "C15", "C18", "336", "437" mostraram aspectos desejáveis na distribuição de forragem, sendo a produção anual maior igual ou superior à de "Bagual" e "V4". "Bagual" e os híbridos "C18", "336" se destacaram na produção de sementes. "Pensacola" apresentou rendimento de forragem e desempenho de sementes ruim, abaixo do esperado, o que ocorreu devido à alta infestação de ervas daninhas, não sendo uma boa opção de testemunha. O híbrido "C15" teve uma produção razoável de sementes no primeiro ano e ruim no segundo ano uma vez que foi afetado negativamente pelo manejo de diferimento. Devido a sua alta produtividade de forragem e apomixia, mais estudos precisam ser feitos para estabelecer o manejo para melhorar o rendimento e a qualidade das sementes

Seed production and quality of Paspalum guenoarum Arech. “Azulão” ecotype under different cutting management on the second year of crop

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do número de cortes na produção e qualidade de sementes de Paspalum guenoarum ecótipo “Azulão” no segundo ano de cultivo. Foram avaliados quatro tratamentos de corte: zero (testemunha), um, dois e três cortes quando o dossel das plantas atingia altura de 40 cm. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As parcelas tinham 7,2 m² (3,6 m x 2 m) com as plantas em linhas espaçadas a 0,4 m. As avaliações foram semanais de dezembro de 2013 a março de 2014. As variáveis estudadas foram: número de perfilhos/planta, número de perfilhos reprodutivos/planta através de amostragens não destrutivas. O número de racemos/inflorescência, número de sementes/inflorescência, número de sementes/racemo, peso de mil sementes, rendimento de sementes/área, germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação, foram obtidos através de amostragens destrutivas após a colheita das sementes. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. O tratamento de um corte (719 kg.ha-1 de sementes e 75% de plântulas normais) não diferiu da testemunha, não apresentando impactos negativos na produção e qualidade de sementes. Entretanto, a partir de dois cortes, houve a diminuição do número de perfilhos reprodutivos/planta, adiamento da colheita e redução da produção de sementes. A realização de um corte permitiu a produção de boa quantidade de forragem (2500 kg.ha-1 de MS) sem prejudicar o rendimento e a qualidade das sementes.This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of the number of cutting in seed production and quality of Paspalum guenoarum, “Azulão” ecotype on the second year of crop. Treatments of zero (control), 1, 2, and 3 cuts were evaluated. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with four repetitions. The plots were of 7.2 m² (3.6 m x 2 m) with plants in 0.4 m rows spacing. Assessments were performed weekly from December, 2013 to March, 2014. The studied variables were number of tillers/plant, number of reproductive tillers/plant, and number of racemes/inflorescence through nondestructive sampling. The number of seeds/inflorescence, number of seeds/raceme, weight of thousand seeds, seed yield/area, germination, and germination speed index were obtained through destructive sampling after harvesting seeds. The means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. One cutting treatment (719 kg.ha-1 of seeds and 75% normal seedlings) doesn’t differ significantly comparing to the control, so, it didn’t appear negative impacts in seed production and quality. However, from two different cutting, there was a decrease in the number of reproductive tillers/plant, causing a delay harvest and reduced seed production. The achievement of one cutting allowed a utilization of good quantity of forage (2500 kg.ha-1 DM) without harming significantly the seed yield and quality

Rendimento de grãos e seus componentes em diferentes cultivares de trigo afetados pela disponibilidade de nitrogênio

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Seed production and quality of Paspalum guenoarum Arech. “Azulão” ecotype under different cutting management on the second year of crop

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do número de cortes na produção e qualidade de sementes de Paspalum guenoarum ecótipo “Azulão” no segundo ano de cultivo. Foram avaliados quatro tratamentos de corte: zero (testemunha), um, dois e três cortes quando o dossel das plantas atingia altura de 40 cm. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As parcelas tinham 7,2 m² (3,6 m x 2 m) com as plantas em linhas espaçadas a 0,4 m. As avaliações foram semanais de dezembro de 2013 a março de 2014. As variáveis estudadas foram: número de perfilhos/planta, número de perfilhos reprodutivos/planta através de amostragens não destrutivas. O número de racemos/inflorescência, número de sementes/inflorescência, número de sementes/racemo, peso de mil sementes, rendimento de sementes/área, germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação, foram obtidos através de amostragens destrutivas após a colheita das sementes. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. O tratamento de um corte (719 kg.ha-1 de sementes e 75% de plântulas normais) não diferiu da testemunha, não apresentando impactos negativos na produção e qualidade de sementes. Entretanto, a partir de dois cortes, houve a diminuição do número de perfilhos reprodutivos/planta, adiamento da colheita e redução da produção de sementes. A realização de um corte permitiu a produção de boa quantidade de forragem (2500 kg.ha-1 de MS) sem prejudicar o rendimento e a qualidade das sementes.This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of the number of cutting in seed production and quality of Paspalum guenoarum, “Azulão” ecotype on the second year of crop. Treatments of zero (control), 1, 2, and 3 cuts were evaluated. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with four repetitions. The plots were of 7.2 m² (3.6 m x 2 m) with plants in 0.4 m rows spacing. Assessments were performed weekly from December, 2013 to March, 2014. The studied variables were number of tillers/plant, number of reproductive tillers/plant, and number of racemes/inflorescence through nondestructive sampling. The number of seeds/inflorescence, number of seeds/raceme, weight of thousand seeds, seed yield/area, germination, and germination speed index were obtained through destructive sampling after harvesting seeds. The means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. One cutting treatment (719 kg.ha-1 of seeds and 75% normal seedlings) doesn’t differ significantly comparing to the control, so, it didn’t appear negative impacts in seed production and quality. However, from two different cutting, there was a decrease in the number of reproductive tillers/plant, causing a delay harvest and reduced seed production. The achievement of one cutting allowed a utilization of good quantity of forage (2500 kg.ha-1 DM) without harming significantly the seed yield and quality