Ngāti Porou leadership : Rāpata Wahawaha and the politics of conflict : "Kei te ora nei hoki tātou, me tō tātou whenua" : a thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Māori Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

The primary focus of this thesis is to explore the reasons for Ngati Porou participation in the wars in New Zealand during the 1860s. Early writers sunnised that the alliances between tribes like Ngati Porou, Te Arawa and the lower Whanganui iwi and the settler governnent were due primarily to a sense of loyalty to the crown. Repetition by later historians has reinforced this notion in New Zealand folklore and historiography. While recent retrospective histories reveal a growing awareness that the motivation behind the alliances was more complex, no analysis of tribal motives worthy of the confidence of Maori has yet been recorded. This thesis initially sets out to detennine whether the historical orthodoxy is founded at least for Ngati Porou. It presents evidence showing that significant aspects of the Ngati Porou story have been misunderstood and misrepresented by writers who have been unable to source or who have felt it unnecessary to properly canvass Ngati Porou views and records. To date, tribal historians have on the whole refrained from presenting a tribal perspective, not because the infonllation does not exist, but from a desire to keep such knowledge in the tIibal arena where it is most relevant. Continued irritation, however, caused by historical publications that fall short when trying to comprehend the nature of Maori participation, has resulted in a freeing up of infonnation by those who jealously guard their family 's manuscripts, and others who retain the oral testimonies within the tribe, so that a re examination is made possible. This thesis also generally seeks to link Ngati Porou 's involvement in war with leadership pattems that emerged within the tribe during the period 1865 - 1872, though this dimension of Ngati Porou history is not canvassed exhaustively here. In times of crisis existing leadership patterns were challenged and as often as not new leaders emerged to lead the tribe. Perhaps the finest military leader produced by Ngati Porou during the Hauhau encounters was Major Rapata Wahawaha. His role in shaping Ngati Porou's modern identity is a major theme running throughout this thesis. It is argued that his leadership and philosophy characterised the contribution by Ngari Porou to theatres of war that followed the 1860s. It is proposed that such a contribution was both strategic and calculated to achieve gains for Ngati Porou. Moreover, the wider question is raised: why, since the 1860s, has Ngati Porou been so ready to join the battlefront and to stand alongside the Crown? The thesis contends that far from being motivated solely by loyalty to the Crown, Ngati Porou entered into an alliance with the Crown in order to protect and to advance tribal interests

I te wa i a mea : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Maori studies at Massey University

The title gives only an indication of the subject to be discussed. It reflects how the Maori thought with regard to time. Because such phrases lacked the precision of calendar dates, numerous Western historians sought to translate Maori chronologies into time units of their own reckoning. The result was the invention of several methods of dating based on genealogies. These methods are the central focus of this thesis. It is argued that they are both inaccurate and inappropriate for the recording of Maori traditions. Each method is trialed against the traditions and whakapapa of one hapu in order to highlight their inaccuracies. So obvious do these inaccuracies become that the reader is asked to consider their dismissal altogether. In place of the Western methods of dating the Maori method of referencing time is reconsidered from a Maori perspective. The Maori concept of time is contrasted against the Western sense of absolute time in an attempt to bring credibility upon Maori time references

Influence of PDZK1 on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis

PDZK1 is a scaffold protein containing four PDZ protein interaction domains, which bind to the carboxy termini of a number of membrane transporter proteins, including ion channels (e.g., CFTR) and cell surface receptors. One of these, the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), exhibits a striking, tissue-specific dependence on PDZK1 for its expression and activity. In PDZK1 knockout (KO) mice there is a marked reduction of SR-BI protein expression (~ 95%) in the liver, but not in steroidogenic tissues or, as we show in this report, in bone marrow- or spleen-derived macrophages, or lung-derived endothelial cells. Because of hepatic SR-BI deficiency, PDZK1 KO mice exhibit dyslipidemia characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol carried in abnormally large HDL particles. Here, we show that inactivation of the PDZK1 gene promotes the development of aortic root atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (apoE) KO mice fed with a high fat/high cholesterol diet. However, unlike complete SR-BI-deficiency in SR-BI/apoE double KO mice, PDZK1 deficiency in PDZK1/apoE double knockout mice did not result in development of occlusive coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction, presumably because of their residual expression of SR-BI. These findings demonstrate that deficiency of an adaptor protein essential for normal expression of a lipoprotein receptor promotes atherosclerosis in a murine model. They also define PDZK1 as a member of the family of proteins that is instrumental in preventing cardiovascular disease by maintaining normal lipoprotein metabolism.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant AI50631)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant AI56267)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant AI069208)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant HL64737)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant HL-52212)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant HL66105)Singapore-MIT Allianc