Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordData availability statement: The percentages of dispersal modes per plot are included as Supporting Information (Table S7, based on 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests in Amazonia). The dispersal modes assigned to these 5433 species and morphospecies are also included as Supporting Information (Table S8).Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types.Colombian institution Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación COLCIENCIASFaculty of Sciences, Universidad de los Ande

O valor social no ensino da enfermagem El valor social en la enseñanza del oficio de la enfermería The social value in nursing education

O presente artigo é balizado na Teoria de Valor. A enfermagem possui um conjunto de valores do qual se nutre para elaborar uma escala. OBJETIVO: compreender o valor social no ato de educar do enfermeiro-docente e discuti-lo à luz dos pressupostos de Max Scheler. A metodologia é qualitativa, centrada no enfoque fenomenológico. Participaram do estudo sete enfermeiros-docentes de três instituições de ensino superior de enfermagem localizadas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O período de realização foi de agosto de 2007 a junho de 2008. Os dados foram obtidos por entrevista. RESULTADO: o valor social emergiu no discurso do enfermeiro-docente no ato de educar. CONCLUSÃO: foi por meio do ato de educar que o enfermeiro apresentou o valor social ao educando, ratificando-o como instituinte para a práxis assistencial da enfermagem.<br>El presente artículo está balizado en la Teoría de Valor. La enfermería tiene un conjunto de valores el cual se nutre para elaborar una escala. OBJETIVO: comprender el valor social en el acto de educar del enfermero-docente y discutirlo a la luz de los supuestos de Max Scheler. La metodología aplicada fue cualitativa, centrada en el enfoque fenomenológico. Los participantes fueron siete enfermeras docentes de tres instituciones de educación superior en enfermería ubicadas en la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro. El período de realización del estudio fue de agosto de 2007 a junio de 2008. Los datos fueron obtenidos por entrevistas. Se ha constatado que el valor social aparece en el acto de educar del enfermero-docente. Como conclusión, por medio del acto de educar el enfermero presenta el valor social al alumno, ratificándolo como parte integrante de la praxis asistencial de la enfermería.<br>This article is demarcated in the Theory of Value. Nursing has a set of values that underpin the development of a scale. OBJECTIVE: To understand the social value in the nurse-teacher´s act of educating and discuss it based on the assumptions of Max Scheler. The methodology is qualitative, focused on the phenomenological approach. Took part in the study seven nurses-teachers, from three institutions of higher nursing education located in Rio de Janeiro city. The implementation period was from August 2007 to June 2008. Data were obtained through interviews. RESULT: the social value emerged through the speech of the nurse-teacher in the act of educating. CONCLUSION: It was through the act of educating that the nurse presented the social value to the student, confirming him as established to the practice of nursing care

Bases epidemiológicas do Fator Acidentário Previdenciário Epidemiological foundations of the Accident Insurance Factor

ANTECEDENTES: O Conselho Nacional de Previdência Social, por meio da Resolução No. 1.236 de 28/4/2004, aprovou uma nova metodologia para definição do valor das alíquotas de contribuição devidas por empresas para o financiamento de benefícios previdenciários relacionados aos riscos do trabalho. Esta metodologia baseia-se em um indicador denominado de Fator Acidentário Previdenciário, FAP, construído a partir do risco epidemiológico, estimado para cada ramo de atividade econômica. Como parte da sua estratégia de validação, o Ministério da Previdência Social decidiu pela avaliação da sua consistência epidemiológica. OBJETIVOS: Nesse estudo analisaram-se os propósitos, as fontes de informação, a natureza das medidas epidemiológicas empregadas e a metodologia da construção desse indicador, identificando-se as suas vantagens e limitações, aplicabilidade e impactos potenciais futuros. MÉTODOS: Análise documental da Resolução No. 1236 e do documento anexo. RESULTADOS: O FAP avança ao se pautar por critérios científicos transparentes que poderão permitir a redução das alíquotas quando houver efetiva melhoria das condições de trabalho, e conseqüentemente, da morbimortalidade entre trabalhadores. Supera as dificuldades relacionadas à definição e registro do nexo causal das doenças do trabalho ao considerá-las em sua totalidade, não se restringido às ocupacionais. Como prevê a redução de alíquotas com a melhoria das condições de saúde dos trabalhadores poderá contribuir para uma mais efetiva atuação dos empregadores na prevenção. CONCLUSÕES: É necessário o acompanhamento contínuo e sistemático da aplicação do FAP, com ampla participação da sociedade, revisando-o e ajustando-o aos diferentes cenários econômicos, sociais e de saúde do País, atentando-se para o seu impacto sobre a arrecadação e contas da Previdência Social.<br>BACKGROUND: The Brazilian National Social Insurance Counsel of the Ministry of Social Insurance approved the Resolution N. 1.236 of 28/4/2004 that defines a new methodology to assess the value of taxes to be paid by firms, for occupational health related insurance costs. This methodology utilizes the Accident Insurance Factor, (Fator Acidentário Previdenciário) FAP, based on relative risks estimated for each industry trade. As part of its validation strategy, the Social Insurance Ministry decided to evaluate the epidemiological consistency of FAP. OBJECTIVE: The FAP purposes, data sources, the nature of the overall methodology, its advantages and limitations are all discussed, as well as its applicability and potential future impact on the Social Insurance Ministry budget and on the workers' health and safety. METHODS: A documental analysis was conducted with the Resolution text and its attached essay. RESULTS: The FAP represents an advance because of its transparent scientific criteria that may allows reduction of taxes, when improvement in work conditions and the resulting decrease in diseases or injuries are observed. It also overcomes problems of definition and assessment of occupational causal relationships because overall diseases and injuries will be considered regardless of their causal relation to occupational exposures. Since taxes can be reduced as work and health conditions improve, it may contribute to a more effective participation of employers in prevention. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to systematically and continuously monitor the application of FAP, with extensive society participation, reviewing and adjusting it to the distinct economic, social and health scenarios in the country, considering its impact on the Social Insurance budget