6 research outputs found
Harvesting forage fish can prevent fishing-induced population collapses of large piscivorous fish
acceptedVersio
Framework for assessing and mitigating the impacts of offshore wind energy development on marine birds
Offshore wind energy development (OWED) is rapidly expanding globally and has the potential to contribute significantly to renewable energy portfolios. However, development of infrastructure in the marine environment presents risks to wildlife. Marine birds in particular have life history traits that amplify population impacts from displacement and collision with offshore wind infrastructure. Here, we present a broadly applicable framework to assess and mitigate the impacts of OWED on marine birds. We outline existing techniques to quantify impact via monitoring and modeling (e.g., collision risk models, population viability analysis), and present a robust mitigation framework to avoid, minimize, or compensate for OWED impacts. Our framework addresses impacts within the context of multiple stressors across multiple wind energy developments. We also present technological and methodological approaches that can improve impact estimation and mitigation. We highlight compensatory mitigation as a tool that can be incorporated into regulatory frameworks to mitigate impacts that cannot be avoided or minimized via siting decisions or alterations to OWED infrastructure or operation. Our framework is intended as a globally-relevant approach for assessing and mitigating OWED impacts on marine birds that may be adapted to existing regulatory frameworks in regions with existing or planned OWED
A general size- and trait-based model of plankton communities
Multicellular zooplankton, such as copepods, are the main link between primary producers and fish. Most models of plankton communities, such as NPZ-type models, ignore the life-cycle (ontogeny) of multicellular zooplankton. Ontogeny has profound implications on population dynamics and community structure. Our aim is to provide a generic food-web framework of planktonic communities that accounts for zooplankton ontogeny. We propose a model framework along the Nutrient–Unicellular–Multicellular axis – a “NUM” framework – as an alternative to the NPZ modelling paradigm. NUM is a mechanistic size- and trait-based model based on traits and trade-offs at the individual level. Here the multicellular component describes the population dynamics of key copepod groups, characterized by their adult size and feeding mode. The unicellular compartment accounts for auto- mixo- and heterotrophic protists. We also consider nitrogen dynamics and carbon export from copepod fecal pellets. All parameters have been fitted to cross-species data. By approximate analytical solutions and dynamic simulations, in both constant and seasonal environments, we investigate the patterns of body sizes and traits that emerge within the community. We show that copepods of several adult sizes and feeding modes commonly coexist, and that competition and predation by large copepods on small/juvenile copepods is an important factor in shaping the community. We also show competition between heterotrophic protists and small copepods through intraguild predation. Finally, we discuss how copepods can attenuate the fecal pellet export. This conceptually simple, yet realistic framework opens the possibility to improve end-to-end size-structured models of marine systems and investigate biogeochemical processes.</p