89 research outputs found

    The failed liberalisation of Algeria and the international context: a legacy of stable authoritarianism

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    The paper attempts to challenge the somewhat marginal role of international factors in the study of transitions to democracy. Theoretical and practical difficulties in proving causal mechanisms between international variables and domestic outcomes can be overcome by defining the international dimension in terms of Western dominance of world politics and by identifying Western actions towards democratising countries. The paper focuses on the case of Algeria, where international factors are key in explaining the initial process of democratisation and its following demise. In particular, the paper argues that direct Western policies, the pressures of the international system and external shocks influence the internal distribution of power and resources, which underpins the different strategies of all domestic actors. The paper concludes that analysis based purely on domestic factors cannot explain the process of democratisation and that international variables must be taken into more serious account and much more detailed

    The GEYSERS optical testbed: a platform for the integration, validation and demonstration of cloud-based infrastructure services

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    The recent evolution of cloud services is leading to a new service transformation paradigm to accommodate network infrastructures in a cost-scalable way. In this transformation, the network constitutes the key to efficiently connect users to services and applications. In this paper we describe the deployment, validation and demonstration of the optical integrated testbed for the “GEneralized architecture for dYnamic infrastructure SERviceS” (GEYSERS) project to accommodate such cloud based Infrastructure Services. The GEYSERS testbed is composed of a set of local physical testbeds allocated in the facilities of the GEYSERS partners. It is built up based on the requirements specification, architecture definition and per-layer development that constitutes the whole GEYSERS ecosystem, and validates the procedures on the GEYSERS prototypes. The testbed includes optical devices (layer 1), switches (layer 2), and IT resources deployed in different local testbeds provided by the project partners and interconnected among them to compose the whole testbed layout. The main goal of the GEYSERS testbed is twofold. On one hand, it aims at providing a validation ground for the architecture, concepts and business models proposed by GEYSERS, sustained by two main paradigms: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and the coupled provisioning of optical network and IT resources. On the other hand, it is used as a demonstration platform for testing the software prototypes within the project and to demonstrate to the research and business community the project approach and solutions. In this work, we discuss our experience in the deployment of the testbed and share the results and insights learned from our trials in the process. Additionally, the paper highlights the most relevant experiments carried out in the testbed, aimed at the validation of the overall GEYSERS architecture

    Neutrinoless Double ÎČ\beta-Decay: Status and Future

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    A brief summary of the status of neutrino masses, mixing and oscillations is presented. Neutrinoless double ÎČ\beta-decay is considered. Predictions for the effective Majorana mass are reviewed. A possible test of the calculations of nuclear matrix elements of the 0ÎœÎČÎČ0\nu\beta\beta-decay is proposed.Comment: A report at the International conference ``Non-Accelerator New Physics'' NANP05 Dubna, Russia, June 20-25, 200

    Bioluminescent Imaging of Trypanosoma brucei Shows Preferential Testis Dissemination Which May Hamper Drug Efficacy in Sleeping Sickness

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    Monitoring Trypanosoma spread using real-time imaging in vivo provides a fast method to evaluate parasite distribution especially in immunoprivileged locations. Here, we generated monomorphic and pleomorphic recombinant Trypanosoma brucei expressing the Renilla luciferase. In vitro luciferase activity measurements confirmed the uptake of the coelenterazine substrate by live parasites and light emission. We further validated the use of Renilla luciferase-tagged trypanosomes for real-time bioluminescent in vivo analysis. Interestingly, a preferential testis tropism was observed with both the monomorphic and pleomorphic recombinants. This is of importance when considering trypanocidal drug development, since parasites might be protected from many drugs by the blood-testis barrier. This hypothesis was supported by our final study of the efficacy of treatment with trypanocidal drugs in T. brucei-infected mice. We showed that parasites located in the testis, as compared to those located in the abdominal cavity, were not readily cleared by the drugs

    The Extent to Which Lecturers at Jordanian Universities Utilize Infographic Guidelines for Curriculum Design

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    This research aims to discover the degree to which faculty members use educational infographic design standards in computerized courses. So, the study adopted the descriptive analytical method; a questionnaire was used to collect data and then distributed to a sample of 149 faculty members in Jordanian universities. Accordingly, the study results showed that the degree of use of educational infographic design standards by faculty members in Jordanian universities in computerized curricula is moderately high. In addition, there indicated no statistically significant differences in the estimates of faculty members in Jordanian universities due to gender and the certificate source

    Framework Ă  composants logiciels pour radio logicielle

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    International audienceLes Ă©quipements Radio Logicielle militaires utilisant les concepts dĂ©finis par le Software Defined Radio Forum font dĂ©sormais face Ă  de nouvelles et nombreuses exigences de la mĂȘme façon que leurs Ă©quivalents civils, parmi lesquelles :-la nĂ©cessitĂ© de prendre en compte un accroissement continu et important de la complexitĂ© et du volume du logiciel embarquĂ© ; la flexibilitĂ© introduite par le logiciel permet par exemple une Ă©laboration plus rapide de nouvelles fonctions ou de nouveaux Ă©quipements via une intĂ©gration accrue de logiciels tiers . -la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’interopĂ©rer avec de nombreux Ă©quipements diffĂ©rents et d’implanter de ce fait des formes d’ondes impliquant des contraintes trĂšs diverses, notamment d’un point de vue QualitĂ© de Service (optimisation du partage des ressources matĂ©rielles en fonction des exigences particuliĂšres de dĂ©lai, dĂ©bit, etc.), reconfigurabilitĂ© (redĂ©ploiement du logiciel Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de lÂ’Ă©quipement). -la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’exĂ©cuter le logiciel sur des plates-formes de fournisseurs diffĂ©rents ou de changer certains composants matĂ©riels d’une plate-forme avec le moins de modifications possible du logiciel tout en garantissant la stabilitĂ© du fonctionnement de lÂ’Ă©quipement ; donc assurer une portabilitĂ© optimum.En rĂ©ponse Ă  ces exigences, le Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) du DoD US dĂ©finit un framework d’architecture logicielle baptisĂ© Software Communication Architecture (SCA) basĂ© entre autres sur les spĂ©cifications CORBA de l’Object Management Group (OMG) et les standards POSIX. Ce framework ouvert et orientĂ© composants couvre aussi bien les aspects logiciels que matĂ©riels ; il s’inspire du modĂšle OSI de l’ITU pour l’organisation des formes d’ondes.Actuellement en cours dÂ’Ă©volution, SCA prĂ©sente des qualitĂ©s indĂ©niables dont la dĂ©finition assez complĂšte des principales interfaces logicielles que doivent supporter les applications (« resources ») et les Ă©lĂ©ments matĂ©riels (« devices ») d’une plate-forme de rĂ©fĂ©rence dĂ©diĂ©e spĂ©cifiquement Ă  la Radio Logicielle ; de mĂȘme la reconfiguration est prise en charge.A contrario il possĂšde aussi des lacunes : la dĂ©finition des « resources » agrĂšge aussi bien la partie fonctionnelle mĂ©tier que la partie non fonctionnelle (utilisation de CORBA, de POSIX, implantation des ports) et la notion de port interconnectant l’ensemble des « resources » et des « devices » est insuffisamment formalisĂ©e ce qui ne permet pas de garantir la rĂ©utilisabilitĂ© du logiciel dans des Ă©quipements de fournisseurs diffĂ©rents. Enfin la gestion des aspects temps rĂ©el et plus globalement de la QualitĂ© de Service est laissĂ©e totalement Ă  la charge des fournisseurs de formes d’ondes.ParallĂšlement au SCA, l’OMG propose la spĂ©cification Lightweight CORBA Component Model (Lightweight CCM), une version simplifiĂ©e du modĂšle de Composants Logiciels CORBA (CCM) mieux adaptĂ©e aux Ă©quipements embarquĂ©s. Ses principales qualitĂ©s sont la simplification des applications et leur portabilitĂ© introduites par une sĂ©paration explicite et formalisĂ©e de la partie fonctionnelle (composants) et de la partie non fonctionnelle (conteneur et services) ainsi qu’une dĂ©finition prĂ©cise de types d’interactions entre composants (connecteurs) et de la structure (modĂšles) des composants. Le dĂ©ploiement des composants est Ă©galement spĂ©cifiĂ© de maniĂšre trĂšs proche de celui du SCA puisque l’ayant largement inspirĂ©.Cependant malgrĂ© ces qualitĂ©s, Lightweight CCM se positionne plus en tant que socle gĂ©nĂ©rique dÂ’Ă©laboration de composants que comme une solution globale Ă  un domaine quel qu’il soit; en effet aucune exigence non fonctionnelle courante dÂ’Ă©quipements embarquĂ©s n’est prise en compte, rien n’est prĂ©cisĂ© par exemple quant Ă  la gestion de contraintes temps rĂ©el.La dĂ©marche prĂ©sentĂ©e est inscrite dans le cadre d’une expĂ©rimentation en cours. Elle consiste Ă  tirer partie des qualitĂ©s respectives des deux initiatives Lightweight CCM et SCA pour proposer plusieurs contributions applicables au domaine de la Radio Logicielle :-la structuration de l’architecture logicielle globale en termes d’une part de sĂ©paration des parties fonctionnelles et non fonctionnelles et d’autre part de framework Ă  Composants Logiciels gĂ©nĂ©rique intĂ©grant dans un conteneur un ensemble de services (non fonctionnels) tels que la gestion de la QualitĂ© de Service et la gestion de la connexion entre composants (fonctionnels).-l’expĂ©rimentation de correspondances permettant d’exprimer Ă  partir d’une architecture fonctionnelle, des composants, des assemblages de composants et des services. -l’enrichissement du framework par la rĂ©utilisation ad-hoc de logiciels tiers
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