Soil erosion as affected by shrub encroachment in northeastern Patagonia

La erosion de los suelos es la causa principal de las perdidas irreversibles del potencial productivo de los suelos en la mayoria de los pastizales naturales. En el nordeste de Patagonia, el aumento de la erosion de los suelos ha estado estrechamente asociado al aumento de la cobertura de arbustos en las estepas herbaceas o arbustivas-herbaceas. Nosotros empleamos lluvia simulada para determinar la tasa de infiltracion y la produccion de sedimentos en parches de estepas herbaceas, arbustivas-herbaceas y arbustivas del sitio ecologico Punta Ninfas. Las coberturas de suelo desnudo y de gravas fueron mayores y la cobertura de mantillo menor en la estepa arbustiva respecto a las estepas arbustiva- herbacea y herbacea. En los espacios entre arbustos de la estepa arbustiva, la densidad aparente fue mayor y la macroporosidad y la materia organica fueron menores (P 0.05) que en los monticulos debajo de los arbustos y en las estepas arbustivaherbacea y herbacea. La tasa de infiltration fue un 60 y un 65% mas baja en la estepa arbustiva que en las estepas herbacea y arbustiva-herbacea, respectivamente. Por el contrario, la produccion total y la concentracion de sedimentos fueron mas altas (P s 0.05) en la estepa arbustiva comparado con las estepas herbacea y arbustiva-herbacea. La cobertura de gravas fue la variable que mejor predijo la tasa de infiltracion y la produccion de sedimentos. El contenido de materia organica de los sedimentos, mayormente mantillo, fue similar en la estepa arbustiva y la arbustiva-herbacea y en ambas mayores (P 0.05) que en la estepa herbacea. La remocion de mantillo por el escurrimiento superficial posiblemente represente uno de los procesos que provocan la transicion de la estepa arbustiva-herbacea a la estepa arbustiva. Las altas tasas de remocion de sedimentos, principalmente mantillo, de los espacios entre arbustos de la estepa arbustiva pueden limitar la recuperacion natural de las propiedades fisicas a hidrologicas de los suelos. Estos parches degradados no pueden captar las lluvias incidentes, limitando asi las posibilidades de recuperacion de los pastos perennes y favoreciendo la dominancia de los arbustos.Soil erosion is the primary cause of irreversible loss of soil productivity on most rangelands. In northeastern Patagonia, the increase in soil erosion has been closely associated with the increase in shrub cover in the grass or shrub-grass steppes. We used rainfall simulation to compare infiltration and sediment production from patches of grass, shrub-grass, and shrub steppes of the Punta Ninfas range site. Bare soil and gravel covers were higher and litter cover was lower in the shrub steppe than in the shrub-grass and the grass steppes. In the shrub inter-spaces of the shrub steppe, bulk density was greater and macroporosity and soil organic matter were lower (P less than or equal to 0.05) than in the mounds beneath shrubs and in the grass and shrub-grass areas. Infiltration rate was 60 to 65% lower in the shrub steppe than in the grass and shrub-grass steppes, respectively. On the contrary, total sediment production and concentration were higher (P less than or equal to 0.05) in the shrub steppe as compared to the grass and the shrub-grass areas. Gravel cover was the variable that best predicted infiltration and sediment production. The organic matter content of the sediment, mostly litter, in the shrub and the shrub-grass steppes were similar and greater (P less than or equal to 0.05) than in the grass steppe. Runoff litter removal may represent one of the processes that drive the transition from shrub-grass to shrub steppes. High rates of sediment removal, mainly litter, from the shrub interspaces of the shrub steppe may limit the natural recovery of the soil physical and hydrological properties. These degraded patches fail to capture incident rainfall and restrict the possibilities for the recovery of perennial grasses favoring the dominance of shrubs.Fil: Parizek, B.. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Rostagno, Cesar Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Sottini, Roberto Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentin

Italian wines and Asian markets: opportunities and threats under new policy scenarios and competitive dynamics

The world wine market is facing a particularly difficult situation. Both the EU and New World (NW) Countries are trying to manage this critical moment by filling reciprocal gaps in order to increase their competitiveness at a global level and to strengthen their position in key strategic markets. On the EU side, one of the fundamental aspects of this changing framework is the evolution of the Common Market Organisation (CMO) for the wine sector. The first pivotal change is the fact that a parcel of land cannot host more than one designation of origin (either Geographical Indication – GI – Denominazione di Origine Controllata – DOC – or Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita – DOCG), thus completely changing the approach to vintage choices, which characterised the Italian production in the last 50 years. A second important variation is the introduction of the possibility to show grape varieties and the vintage year on table wines (a strategy often used by NW producers). Conversely, on the NW side, the changes are mainly relative to the increase in the use of European grape varieties and the emphasis on the region-grape combination as an element of excellence.International Relations/Trade, Marketing,

The influence of size on winery performance: Evidence from Italy

The aim of this paper is to analyse the influence of firm size on the economic performance of wineries. To achieve this, the paper employs both different traditional profitability and productivity measures and a non-parametric technique to estimate efficiency as indicators of performance. Further, several parametric and non-parametric tests are used to analyse the influence of firm size on these performance indicators. Overall, the results obtained with a sample of 723 Italian wineries (limited companies and cooperatives) in 2013 show that size has a positive influence on the economic performance of wineries. Managers should be aware of the importance of monitoring their own performance in order to guarantee the competitiveness of their wineries

The role of the Consortia in the Italian wine production system and the impact of EU and national legislation

AbstractThe EU legislation has undergone a radical change in 2008, handling the Italian legislature the necessity to rethink on fundamental aspects of the national legislation. The changes were focused on the procedure of formation and revision of the designations of origin, opening up new and important perspectives for Consortia since, as inter-branch organizations, they can be acknowledged as representatives of the economic activities linked to the production and at least to one of the phases of processing or trade. The Consortium has become responsible for production specification, stock managing, new registration of the vines to a DO, supervision and protection

Productivity growth in the winery sector: evidence from Italy and Spain

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate total productivity change in the winery sector, decomposing it into efficiency change and technical change. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology is based on the estimation of the Malmquist productivity index for a sample of Spanish and Italian wineries between 2005 and 2013. Findings – The results show very low efficiency levels for the wineries under study. Further, Spanish and Italian wineries show a decrease in their average annual productivity for the period of time analysed. Practical implications – The analysis of the efficiency and the productivity of the wineries is crucial to improve their competitiveness and guarantee their survival. Originality/value – For the first time, a comparative analysis is carried out with data from two major wine-producing countries

Trends and Patterns in the Nexus Between Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation: a Bibliometric Review and Research Agenda

Scholars’ interest in social entrepreneurship (SE) and social innovation (SI) has been growing in recent decades. Despite the literature’s contribution to the scientific maturity of these fields via rigorous bibliometric reviews, whether social innovation occurs within social entrepreneurship is still unclear. The extant reviews also remain limited by their use of traditional bibliometric indicators. We therefore address these theoretical and methodological limitations via a bibliometric analysis of the intersection of these two theoretical domains, combining co-citation analysis, historiography, and bibliographic coupling. Demonstrating the recent theoretical evolution of social innovation research under the social entrepreneurship umbrella, we document the beginning of a new trend that can open new research pathways. Thus, we contribute to academic research by documenting the theoretical developments, clusters, and groups of interests at the intersection of SE and SI. Finally, our suggestions for future research may support the proliferation of and cross-pollination among these studies

All optical switches based on the coupling of surface plasmon polaritons

We studied the potentials of All Optical Switches (AOS) based on the intensity-dependent coupling and decoupling of light into the SPP modes (Surface Plasmon Polaritons) of a sinusoidally corrugated thin metal film (TMF), due to Kerr induced refractive index changes of the surrounding dielectrics. The ideal device has two spatially separated outputs, collecting the reflected and transmitted light and the active volume can be as small as 10(-2) mm(3). Gold and PTS (poly-(2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol bis(p-toluene sulfonate) are the materials considered. Losses are limited to 1.5 dB,while a 20 dB extinction ratio per gate has been theoretically demonstrated with signal pulsewidths of 5-10 ps , using a maximum optical switching peak power of 11 kW

Cholesterol crystal embolism (atheroembolism)

Cholesterol crystal embolism, known as atheroembolic disease, is caused by showers of cholesterol crystals from an atherosclerotic plaque that occludes small arteries. Embolization can occur spontaneously or as an iatrogenic complication from an invasive vascular procedure (angiography or vascular surgery) and after anticoagulant therapy. The atheroembolism can give rise to different degrees of renal impairment. Some patients show a moderate loss of renal function, others severe renal failure requiring dialysis. Renal outcome can be variable: some patients deteriorate or remain on dialysis, some improve and some remain with chronic renal impairment. Clinically, three types of atheroembolic renal disease have been described: acute, subacute or chronic. More frequently a progressive loss of renal function occurs over weeks. Atheroembolization can involve the skin, gastrointestinal system and central nervous system. The diagnosis is difficult and controversial for the protean extrarenal manifestations. In the past, the diagnosis was often made post-mortem. In the last 10 yrs, awareness of atheroembolic renal disease has improved. The correct diagnosis requires the clinician to be alert. The typical patient is a white male aged >60 yrs with a history of hypertension, smoking and arterial disease. The presence of a classic triad (precipitating event, renal failure and peripheral cholesterol crystal embolization) suggests the diagnosis. This can be confirmed by a biopsy of the target organs. A specific treatment is lacking; however, it is an important diagnosis to make because an aggressive therapeutic approach can be associated with a more favorable clinical outcome