Latin America's Increased Role in UN Peace Operations: Current Trends and a Note of Caution

Chapter 7Latin America is an active participant in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations (PKO). Blue helmets from South and Central America are currently deployed in various UN-sponsored missions around the world. T his picture contrasts markedly from past decades, when military institutions were widely known for intervening in domestic affairs via coups, rather than for promoting human rights and democracy abroad. Historically, the region has been a recipient, not an exporter, of foreign troops. Throughout the 1990s, peacekeeping (PK) soldiers were deployed to pacify Central America and the Andes; to date, Central American and Andean blue helmets are pacifying regions within and beyond the Western Hemisphere. Hence, Latin America has now become an exporter of peace, not because instability and violence ha\'e diminished at home, but because governments across the region have gradually increased their troop commitment to UN peace efforts. At a time when military budgets in North America and Europe are in decline, Latin America's commitment to international security appears to be rising. This could signify a new era for regional security affairs, with Latin American states increasingly engaged in world politics and the armed forces exposed to globalizing trends

Race and Racial Exclusion in Security Studies: A Survey of Scholars

Increased attention to racialized knowledge and methodological whiteness has swept the political science discipline, especially international relations. Yet an important dimension of race and racism continues to be ignored: the presence and status of scholars of color in the discipline. In contrast to other fields, there is little research on (under)representation of scholars of color in security studies, and no systematic studies of race and racial exclusion that center their voices and experiences. Building on scholarship that contends with the fundamental whiteness of academia and knowledge creation, we present results from a 2019 survey of members of the International Security Studies Section of the International Studies Association. The data show that scholars of color and white scholars experience the field in dramatically different ways; scholars of color report at greater rates feeling unwelcome, experiencing harassment, and desiring more professional development opportunities. Dozens of studies across academia support these findings

Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: A Synopsis of Coordinated National Crop Wild Relative Seed Collecting Programs across Five Continents

The Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change Project set out to improve the diversity, quantity, and accessibility of germplasm collections of crop wild relatives (CWR). Between 2013 and 2018, partners in 25 countries, heirs to the globetrotting legacy of Nikolai Vavilov, undertook seed collecting expeditions targeting CWR of 28 crops of global significance for agriculture. Here, we describe the implementation of the 25 national collecting programs and present the key results. A total of 4587 unique seed samples from at least 355 CWR taxa were collected, conserved ex situ, safety duplicated in national and international genebanks, and made available through the Multilateral System (MLS) of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty). Collections of CWR were made for all 28 targeted crops. Potato and eggplant were the most collected genepools, although the greatest number of primary genepool collections were made for rice. Overall, alfalfa, Bambara groundnut, grass pea and wheat were the genepools for which targets were best achieved. Several of the newly collected samples have already been used in pre-breeding programs to adapt crops to future challenges.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Teorias principales, 2. Realismo

Brasil comparte su frontera con 10 paises: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Guyana Francesa, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay y Venezuela. Si bien han existido tensiones y confrontaciones politicas entre los vecinos, hasta ahora el llamado coloso del sur no han tenido que enfrentarse belicamente con ninguno de esos paises.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Militarization in Mexico and Its Implications

Chapter 3In recent years, violence, caused by turf wars between drug cartels and the government's offensive launch against them, became distressingly familiar in Mexico

Review article: “Los métodos cualitativos en la ciencia política contemporánea: Avances, agendas y retos

Política y Gobierno 15, 1(2008): 160-179.This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. As such, it is in the public domain, and under the provisions of Title 17, United States Code, Section 105, may not be copyrighted

Brazil and Mexico in the Nonproliferation Regime, Common Structures and Divergent Trajectories in Latin America

Chapter 8There are multiple options Latin American countries to support and comply with the nuclear nonproliferation regime. At the global level, states can decide to ratify the core treaties and join their supporting institutions such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), the Missile Technology Control Regime, the International Convention on the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, and the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT). At the regional level, countries in the Western Hemisphere can adhere to the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, also known as the Treaty of Tlatelolco, which in 1968 created the world's first nuclear-weapons-free zone in a densely populated region Although the treaty is fully in force and has been ratified by all Latin American states, regional support for the nonproliferation regime has varied substantially over time, with some countries choosing to endorse the regime early on, and other states historically opposing it. Empirically and theoretically, it is worth exploring this variation in nonproliferation strategies, including questioning why some traditionally oppositional states changed their position over time

La seguridad internacional: vino viejo en botellas viejas

Revista de Ciencia Política 27, 2(Winter 2007): 67-88.This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. As such, it is in the public domain, and under the provisions of Title 17, United States Code, Section 105, may not be copyrighted.The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2007000300004.International security is a complex and contested concept, heavily laden with values and judgments. For centuries, however, it was linked to the study of war, military strategy and alternatives to the use of force as an instrument of policy. While few would be likely to dispute these examples as issues of security, many would now extend its meaning to other values and interests. They would apply the term to environmental damage, hunger, and protection of human rights. But where do we draw the line in studying international security? What should be included or excluded? Has international security changed in such a way that we now need to re-define the concept? This article argues that in today" s post-Cold War world, we seem to have included so much in our definition of security that that we have posed the problem in ways that impede our questá for knowledge. Furthermore, international security, traditionally defined, has suffered few changes since the collapse of the Cold War; thus, there seems to have been more continuity than global changeLa seguridad internacional es un concepto complejo y contestado, cargado de valores y juicios. Por siglos, el concepto fue asociado al estudio de la guerra, la estrategia militar y otras formas alternativas al uso de la fuerza. Mientras pocos disputan este enfoque de la seguridad, otros consideran necesario extender y ampliar su significado para incluirá otros valores e intereses. Sugieren incluirá temas ambientales, nutrición y protección de derechos humanos. No obstante, ¿dónde deben demarcarse los límites de la seguridad internacional?, ¿qué debe será excluido e incluido?, ¿la seguridad internacional ha cambiado de tal forma que requerimos una reconceptualización ? Este artículo argumenta que en la era de la post-guerra fría la expansión del concepto de seguridad internacional ha incluido tanto en su definición que el proceso de adquisición de conocimiento se ha vuelto fútil. Aún más , se exageran los procesos de cambio internacional en tanto que se olvidan las constantes internacionales en materia de estrategia milita