Úloha črevných cirkadiánnych hodín v epiteliálnom transporte, proliferácii a tumorigenéze.

AABBSSTTRRAAKKTT Molekulárne cirkadiánne hodiny umožňujú predvídanie zmien v okolitom prostredí. U cicavcov sú molekulárne hodiny prítomné prakticky vo všetkých tkanivách a tvorí ich sústava transkripčno-translačných spätnoväzbových slučiek tzv. hodinových génov. Centrálne hodiny predstavujú vnútorný pacemaker, ktorý sa nachádza v suprachiazmatických jadrách (SCN) hypotalamu a synchronizuje periférne hodiny. Cirkadiánne hodiny v tráviacom trakte a ich podiel na regulácii črevných funkcií sú nedostatočne preskúmané. Preto bolo cieľom tejto práce charakterizovať molekulárne hodiny v jednotlivých častiach čreva potkana a objasniť ich úlohu v regulácii epiteliálneho transportu, bunkového cyklu a nádorovej transformácie v hrubom čreve. Na stanovenie cirkadiánnych profilov expresie hodinových génov v epiteli duodena, jejuna, ilea a hrubého čreva potkana sme použili kvantitatívnu RT-PCR (qPCR). Ďalej sme analyzovali expresiu génov kódujúcich transportéry a kanály umožňujúcich transport NaCl, ako aj regulátorov bunkového cyklu v hrubom čreve. Na detailnejší popis expresie v rámci štruktúr črevného epitelu sme použili laserovú mikrodisekciu. Elektrogénny transepiteliálny transport bol meraný ako skratovací prúd v Ussingových komorách. Na určenie úlohy hodín v procese tumorigenézy sme použili myší model azoxymetánom...AABBSSTTRRAACCTT The molecular circadian clock enables anticipation of environmental changes. In mammals, clocks are ubiquitously present in almost all tissues and they are comprised of transcriptional-translational feedback loops of the so-called clock genes. The central clock represents the intrinsic pacemaker which is located in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of hypothalamus and synchronizes peripheral clocks. Clockwork system in alimentary tract and its regulatory link to intestinal functions are poorly understood. Therefore the objective of the thesis was to characterize molecular clock in particular parts of the rat intestine and to elucidate its link to the intestinal transport, regulation of cell cycle and neoplastic transformation in colonic tissue. We used quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) to determine circadian profiles of mRNA expression of clock genes in the epithelium of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of rat. Furthermore, we analysed the expression of genes coding sodium chloride transporters and channels as well as cell cycle regulators in colon. To focus more precisely on different structures of intestinal epithelia we used laser capture microdissection. In addition, we performed Ussing chamber measurements to determine the colonic electrogenic transport. To study the contribution of circadian...Katedra fyziologieDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Úloha črevných cirkadiánnych hodín v epiteliálnom transporte, proliferácii a tumorigenéze.

AABBSSTTRRAACCTT The molecular circadian clock enables anticipation of environmental changes. In mammals, clocks are ubiquitously present in almost all tissues and they are comprised of transcriptional-translational feedback loops of the so-called clock genes. The central clock represents the intrinsic pacemaker which is located in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of hypothalamus and synchronizes peripheral clocks. Clockwork system in alimentary tract and its regulatory link to intestinal functions are poorly understood. Therefore the objective of the thesis was to characterize molecular clock in particular parts of the rat intestine and to elucidate its link to the intestinal transport, regulation of cell cycle and neoplastic transformation in colonic tissue. We used quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) to determine circadian profiles of mRNA expression of clock genes in the epithelium of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of rat. Furthermore, we analysed the expression of genes coding sodium chloride transporters and channels as well as cell cycle regulators in colon. To focus more precisely on different structures of intestinal epithelia we used laser capture microdissection. In addition, we performed Ussing chamber measurements to determine the colonic electrogenic transport. To study the contribution of circadian...AABBSSTTRRAAKKTT Molekulárne cirkadiánne hodiny umožňujú predvídanie zmien v okolitom prostredí. U cicavcov sú molekulárne hodiny prítomné prakticky vo všetkých tkanivách a tvorí ich sústava transkripčno-translačných spätnoväzbových slučiek tzv. hodinových génov. Centrálne hodiny predstavujú vnútorný pacemaker, ktorý sa nachádza v suprachiazmatických jadrách (SCN) hypotalamu a synchronizuje periférne hodiny. Cirkadiánne hodiny v tráviacom trakte a ich podiel na regulácii črevných funkcií sú nedostatočne preskúmané. Preto bolo cieľom tejto práce charakterizovať molekulárne hodiny v jednotlivých častiach čreva potkana a objasniť ich úlohu v regulácii epiteliálneho transportu, bunkového cyklu a nádorovej transformácie v hrubom čreve. Na stanovenie cirkadiánnych profilov expresie hodinových génov v epiteli duodena, jejuna, ilea a hrubého čreva potkana sme použili kvantitatívnu RT-PCR (qPCR). Ďalej sme analyzovali expresiu génov kódujúcich transportéry a kanály umožňujúcich transport NaCl, ako aj regulátorov bunkového cyklu v hrubom čreve. Na detailnejší popis expresie v rámci štruktúr črevného epitelu sme použili laserovú mikrodisekciu. Elektrogénny transepiteliálny transport bol meraný ako skratovací prúd v Ussingových komorách. Na určenie úlohy hodín v procese tumorigenézy sme použili myší model azoxymetánom...Department of PhysiologyKatedra fyziologieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Students at a crossroad: A cross‐sectional survey gauging the impact of COVID‐19 on medical and biomedical graduates in the United States and Sweden

Graduate programs in medicine and biomedical sciences have been severely impacted by the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic over the last 2 years. Following 2 years since beginning of the pandemic, data on student support, educational and academic performance as well as sentiment on changes to educational programs are starting to emerge. We performed and compared results of two cross-sectional surveys of Swedish and U.S.-based medical and biomedical graduate students on how the pandemic has affected their studies, research productivity and career trajectory. Students were also asked to assess support provided by the university and supervisors. The surveys also captured student demographics and a range of other factors, such as pressures brought on by caretaking and financial responsibilities. We analyzed answers from 264 and 106 students attending graduate programs in universities in Sweden and the United States, respectively. U.S.-based students faced more severe restrictions on their research program compared to students in Sweden, reporting more delays in productivity, scientific output and graduation, and increased worries about their career trajectory. Swedish students had more caretaking responsibilities, although these did not cause any delays in graduation. While support by universities and supervisors was comparable between the countries, financial worries and mental health concerns were particularly prominent in the U.S. cohort. Student performance and outlook was hugely dependent on the breadth of the restrictions and the available support. Besides the governmental and university-led approach to counter the pandemic, societal differences also played a role in how well students were handling effects of the pandemic

Melatonin and its receptors in the gastrointestinal tract

Katedra fyziologieDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Role of intestinal circadian clock in epithelial transport, proliferation, and tumourigenesis

AABBSSTTRRAACCTT The molecular circadian clock enables anticipation of environmental changes. In mammals, clocks are ubiquitously present in almost all tissues and they are comprised of transcriptional-translational feedback loops of the so-called clock genes. The central clock represents the intrinsic pacemaker which is located in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of hypothalamus and synchronizes peripheral clocks. Clockwork system in alimentary tract and its regulatory link to intestinal functions are poorly understood. Therefore the objective of the thesis was to characterize molecular clock in particular parts of the rat intestine and to elucidate its link to the intestinal transport, regulation of cell cycle and neoplastic transformation in colonic tissue. We used quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) to determine circadian profiles of mRNA expression of clock genes in the epithelium of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of rat. Furthermore, we analysed the expression of genes coding sodium chloride transporters and channels as well as cell cycle regulators in colon. To focus more precisely on different structures of intestinal epithelia we used laser capture microdissection. In addition, we performed Ussing chamber measurements to determine the colonic electrogenic transport. To study the contribution of circadian..

Melatonin and its receptors in the gastrointestinal tract

Katedra fyziologieDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Role of intestinal circadian clock in epithelial transport, proliferation, and tumourigenesis

AABBSSTTRRAACCTT The molecular circadian clock enables anticipation of environmental changes. In mammals, clocks are ubiquitously present in almost all tissues and they are comprised of transcriptional-translational feedback loops of the so-called clock genes. The central clock represents the intrinsic pacemaker which is located in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of hypothalamus and synchronizes peripheral clocks. Clockwork system in alimentary tract and its regulatory link to intestinal functions are poorly understood. Therefore the objective of the thesis was to characterize molecular clock in particular parts of the rat intestine and to elucidate its link to the intestinal transport, regulation of cell cycle and neoplastic transformation in colonic tissue. We used quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) to determine circadian profiles of mRNA expression of clock genes in the epithelium of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of rat. Furthermore, we analysed the expression of genes coding sodium chloride transporters and channels as well as cell cycle regulators in colon. To focus more precisely on different structures of intestinal epithelia we used laser capture microdissection. In addition, we performed Ussing chamber measurements to determine the colonic electrogenic transport. To study the contribution of circadian..

Role of intestinal circadian clock in epithelial transport, proliferation, and tumourigenesis

AABBSSTTRRAACCTT The molecular circadian clock enables anticipation of environmental changes. In mammals, clocks are ubiquitously present in almost all tissues and they are comprised of transcriptional-translational feedback loops of the so-called clock genes. The central clock represents the intrinsic pacemaker which is located in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of hypothalamus and synchronizes peripheral clocks. Clockwork system in alimentary tract and its regulatory link to intestinal functions are poorly understood. Therefore the objective of the thesis was to characterize molecular clock in particular parts of the rat intestine and to elucidate its link to the intestinal transport, regulation of cell cycle and neoplastic transformation in colonic tissue. We used quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) to determine circadian profiles of mRNA expression of clock genes in the epithelium of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of rat. Furthermore, we analysed the expression of genes coding sodium chloride transporters and channels as well as cell cycle regulators in colon. To focus more precisely on different structures of intestinal epithelia we used laser capture microdissection. In addition, we performed Ussing chamber measurements to determine the colonic electrogenic transport. To study the contribution of circadian..