1,095 research outputs found
Leading causes of certification for blindness and partial sight in England & Wales
Prevention of visual impairment is an international priority agreed at the World Health Assembly of 2002--yet many countries lack contemporary data about incidence and causes from which priorities for prevention, treatment and management can be identified
British Trade with Spanish America Under the Asiento 1713-1740.
In 1713 England acquired the asiento contract to supply Spain's American
colonies with 4,800 slaves annually and assigned the privilege to the South Sea
Company. In compensation for expected losses in the slave trade, the Company
was permitted to carry on an extensive trade in merchandise which competed with
the traditional outlets for British trade to America. This need to rely on
foreign contractors to supply slaves to the American colonies offered a threat
to Spain's trading monopoly it was further eroded by the presence of British
merchants residing at strategic ports throughout America trading in large
quantities of contraband slaves and merchandise in addition to Company trade.
Although the Spanish government took numerous steps to impede the Company's
trade including the seizure of all Company property during the wars of 1718, 1727
and 1739 they were never able to convince the Company to relinquish the asiento
for an agreed compensation. When the Company finally ceased trading at the
beginning of the War of Jenkins' Ear, it was mainly because of dwindling
returns and a new political environment in England. Although the treaty of
Aix-la-Chapelle which ended the war, provided for the Company to continue
trading for another four years, it was in no position to resume the trade.
Company agents had all returned to England at the beginning of the war and after
a severe financial loss the directors concentrated on obtaining compensation.
In 1750 the asiento contract was terminated and the South Sea Company paid
ÂŁ100,000 to cover their losses in the trade
Ethnicity, gender and community sentences
Objectives
This paper presents findings from administrative data analysis examining differences between ethnic groups and men and women in the number and type of requirements that make up community sentences as well as the effectiveness of different requirements in terms of successful completion of the sentence.
Methods
The paper presents findings from analysis of the Data First probation and criminal justice linked datasets. The analysis will focus on whether:
⢠there are differences between ethnic groups and men and women in the number and type of requirements that make up community-based orders (rehabilitation, unpaid work, curfew and accredited programmes)
⢠some requirements are more effective in terms of successful completion of the order.
The paper presents findings from regression analysis used to examine the above relationships while controlling for other relevant variables such as age, number of previous convictions and offence type.
Findings
Graphs will be used to set out differences between broad ethnic groups and men and women in the total number of requirements which make up community-based orders and the proportion of offenders from each group which receive each of the main types of requirement namely: rehabilitation; unpaid work; curfew; and accredited programmes. Graphs will also be used to set out differences between the different order requirements in terms of successful completion. The paper will also present findings from regression analysis which will identify differences after taking account of other factors. The findings will of necessity be based on broad ethnic groups as it is unlikely that there will be sufficient numbers of people within more narrow ethnic groups to meet statistical disclosure criteria.
Conclusion
There is a lack of information on relationships between ethnicity, gender and community sentences. Better understanding of these relationships has been identified as crucial by HM Inspectorate of Probation. This paper provides more information on these relationships enabling policy decisions to be better targeted to provide equality of outcomes
The British superintendency of Mosquito Shore: 1749-1787
After an informal relationship between the Indians of the
Mosquito Shore and the governor and merchants of Jamaica that had
lasted for nearly a hundred years, Robert Hodgson was sent to the
Shore in 1740 to organise the scattered English settlers and Indians
for military campaigns on the Spanish Main during the War of Jenkins'
Ear. When the war ended, the Board of Trade established a superintendency
on the Shore naming Hodgson as superintendent. His government (1749-1759)
was punctuated by disputes between the Mosquitos, Shoremen and Spanish
which nearly erupted into a new war.
The second superintendent, Richard Jones, was replaced at the
outbreak of Anglo-Spanish hostilities in 1762 by Captain Joseph Otway,
when it was felt that a field officer was needed on the Shore. However,
the war soon ended and the Mosquito Shore during Otway's superintendency
(1762-1767) experienced peace, growth and prosperity.
At Otway's death in 1767, Robert Hodgson, son of the first
superintendent, was named to the office. His superintendency soon
deteriorated into a series of bitter feuds with the settlers and the
governors of Jamaica. In 1775 Hodgson's enemies persuaded Lord George
Germain to replace him with his worst adversary, James Lawrie. Lawrie
was superintendent until the evacuation of the Shore in 1787, avoiding all attempts by Hodgson to force his removal from office.
During Lawrie's superintendency (1776-1787) the Shore was used
as a base for military operations in the Anglo-Spanish conflict of
1779-1783, and then as a refuge for American loyalists. Succumbing
to constant pressure by the Spanish, England abandoned the Mosquito
Shore in 1786 at the signing of the Mosquito Convention. The evacuation
of British settlers was terminated in June 1787, and Spanish settlements
were formed on the Shore immediately thereafter
âTreat them as a human beingâ : dignity in police detention and its implications for âgoodâ police custody
Here, we examine the factors influencing whether those detained by the police feel treated with dignity. We develop a human rights-oriented conception of dignity rooted in the equal worth of human beings, encapsulated in detaineesâ desire to be âtreated like a human beingâ. The predictors of this are examined using multilevel modelling of survey data collected from 371 detainees in 27 custody facilities in 13 police forces in England and Wales in an ESRC-funded
study of âgoodâ police custody. We found that perceptions of the material conditions predicted feelings of dignity, as did detaineesâ reactions to being detained, their perceptions of the culture of police custody and the mechanisms used to hold the police to account. Feelings of dignity were also less likely for younger adults and for BAME detainees, with these experiences being mediated by less trust in accountability mechanisms. This paper concludes by examining the implications for âgoodâ police custody
Suicide & Supervision: Issues for Probation Practice
Suicides by offenders in the community have been relatively under-researched in comparison with prison suicides. This study examined in-depth the events and experiences of 28 service users under probation supervision, based on continuous records from the start of their sentence to their death by suicide. The study presents
novel findings through mapping suicidal behaviour on to the probation supervision process, and demonstrates the complex pathways leading to suicide in this population.Key issues identified include missed appointments, the impact of legal proceedings,changes in supervision, and the importance of recording risk
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