92 research outputs found
Honey bee colony losses
No description supplie
Shifted convolution and the Titchmarsh divisor problem over F_q[t]
In this paper we solve a function field analogue of classical problems in
analytic number theory, concerning the auto-correlations of divisor functions,
in the limit of a large finite field.Comment: 22 pages, updated versio
Persistent currents of noninteracting electrons
We thoroughly study the persistent current of noninteracting electrons in
one, two, and three dimensional thin rings. We find that the results for
noninteracting electrons are more relevant for individual mesoscopic rings than
hitherto appreciated. The current is averaged over all configurations of the
disorder, whose amount is varied from zero up to the diffusive limit, keeping
the product of the Fermi wave number and the ring's circumference constant.
Results are given as functions of disorder and aspect ratios of the ring. The
magnitude of the disorder-averaged current may be larger than the
root-mean-square fluctuations of the current from sample to sample even when
the mean free path is smaller, but not too small, than the circumference of the
ring. Then a measurement of the persistent current of a typical sample will be
dominated by the magnitude of the disorder averaged current.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
Pair-breaking effect on mesoscopic persistent currents
We consider the contribution of superconducting fluctuations to the
mesoscopic persistent current (PC) of an ensemble of normal metallic rings,
made of a superconducting material whose low bare transition temperature
is much smaller than the Thouless energy . The effect of
pair breaking is introduced via the example of magnetic impurities. We find
that over a rather broad range of pair-breaking strength , such
that , the superconducting transition
temperature is normalized down to minute values or zero while the PC is hardly
affected. This may provide an explanation for the magnitude of the average PC's
in copper and gold, as well as a way to determine their 's. The
dependence of the current and the dominant superconducting fluctuations on
and on the ratio between and the temperature is analyzed. The
measured PC's in copper (gold) correspond to of a few (a fraction of)
mK
Permanence criteria for semi-free profinite groups
We introduce the condition of a profinite group being semi-free, which is
more general than being free and more restrictive than being quasi-free. In
particular, every projective semi-free profinite group is free. We prove that
the usual permanence properties of free groups carry over to semi-free groups.
Using this, we conclude that if k is a separably closed field, then many field
extensions of k((x,y)) have free absolute Galois groups.Comment: 24 page
The Chemistry of the Postpharyngeal Gland of Female European Beewolves
Females of the European beewolf, Philanthus triangulum, possess a large glove-shaped gland in the head, the postpharyngeal gland (PPG). They apply the content of the PPG to their prey, paralyzed honeybees, where it delays fungal infestation. Here, we describe the chemical composition of the gland by using combined GC-MS, GC-FTIR, and derivatization. The PPG of beewolves contains mainly long-chain unsaturated hydrocarbons (C23–C33), lower amounts of saturated hydrocarbons (C14–C33), and minor amounts of methyl-branched hydrocarbons (C17–C31). Additionally, the hexane-soluble gland content is comprised of small amounts of an unsaturated C25 alcohol, an unknown sesquiterpene, an octadecenylmethylester, and several long-chain saturated (C25, C27) and unsaturated (C23–C27) ketones, some of which have not yet been reported as natural products. Surprisingly, we found a dimorphism with regard to the major component of the PPG with some females having (Z)-9-pentacosene, whereas others have (Z)-9-heptacosene as their predominant component. The biological relevance of the compounds for the prevention of fungal growth on the prey and the significance of the chemical dimorphism are discussed
Attention in neglect and extinction: Assessing the degree of correspondence between visual and auditory impairments using matched tasks
Claims have been made for associated degrees of impairment on both visual and auditory performance in unilateral neglect and extinction. Since this evidence is primarily based on different tests in each modality, it is difficult to properly quantify the degree of association between performance in vision and audition. The current study compares visual and auditory extinction and temporal order judgments (TOJs) in two cases with clinical visual neglect. Stimuli in both modalities were precisely matched in their temporal and spatial parameters. The results reveal a mixed pattern of association between different auditory tests and their visual counterparts. This suggests that associations between visual and auditory neglect can occur but these are neither obligatory nor pervasive. Instead, our data support models of spatial impairment in neglect and extinction that acknowledge differences in the contribution of spatial information to performance in each modality in responses to changing task demands
Friends and Foes from an Ant Brain's Point of View – Neuronal Correlates of Colony Odors in a Social Insect
Background: Successful cooperation depends on reliable identification of friends and foes. Social insects discriminate colony members (nestmates/friends) from foreign workers (non-nestmates/foes) by colony-specific, multi-component colony odors. Traditionally, complex processing in the brain has been regarded as crucial for colony recognition. Odor information is represented as spatial patterns of activity and processed in the primary olfactory neuropile, the antennal lobe (AL) of insects, which is analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb. Correlative evidence indicates that the spatial activity patterns reflect odor-quality, i.e., how an odor is perceived. For colony odors, alternatively, a sensory filter in the peripheral nervous system was suggested, causing specific anosmia to nestmate colony odors. Here, we investigate neuronal correlates of colony odors in the brain of a social insect to directly test whether they are anosmic to nestmate colony odors and whether spatial activity patterns in the AL can predict how odor qualities like ‘‘friend’’ and ‘‘foe’’ are attributed to colony odors. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using ant dummies that mimic natural conditions, we presented colony odors and investigated their neuronal representation in the ant Camponotus floridanus. Nestmate and non-nestmate colony odors elicited neuronal activity: In the periphery, we recorded sensory responses of olfactory receptor neurons (electroantennography), and in the brain, we measured colony odor specific spatial activity patterns in the AL (calcium imaging). Surprisingly, upon repeated stimulation with the same colony odor, spatial activity patterns were variable, and as variable as activity patterns elicited by different colony odors. Conclusions: Ants are not anosmic to nestmate colony odors. However, spatial activity patterns in the AL alone do not provide sufficient information for colony odor discrimination and this finding challenges the current notion of how odor quality is coded. Our result illustrates the enormous challenge for the nervous system to classify multi-component odors and indicates that other neuronal parameters, e.g., precise timing of neuronal activity, are likely necessary for attribution of odor quality to multi-component odors
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