The effect of superabsorbent and biological fertilizers under water deficit stress on leaf area index, relative water content and yield of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

To investigate the effect of soil additives in reducing the effect of water deficit stress on sugar beet, an experiment was performed as a combined analysis in two regions based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments were location factor at two levels of Miandoab and Malekan, water deficit stress factor at three levels of 50 mm (Lack of stress), 110 mm (moderate stress) and 170 mm (severe stress) evaporation from class A evaporation pan and soil additive factor at four levels of control (no soil additives), superabsorbent, mycorrhiza and livestock manure. In the present study, the use of soil additive treatments in both regions were able to improve the yield of pure sugar compared to control. In irrigation treatment after 170 mm of evaporation, the highest leaf area index (3.28), relative leaf water content (65.96%), shoot dry weight (3.45 t ha-1), root yield (49.48 t ha-1), gross sugar yield (9.73 t ha-1) and pure sugar yield (8.32 t ha-1) were obtained by mycorrhiza application and sugar content (20.48%) and pure sugar percent (17.11%) were obtained in control and superabsorbent application, respectively. In water deficit stress, application of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent were able to significantly increase the yield of pure sugar compared to the control. Due to the fact that sugar beet is exposed to different periods of water deficit stress in the tested areas, the use of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent can be a suitable method to reduce the effect of water deficit stress in sugar beet

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome; A Case Report

ObjectiveRubinstein-Taybi Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with characteristic featuresincluding downward slanting palpebral fissures, broad thumbs and halluces,and mental retardation. Systemic features may involve cardiac, auditory,ophthalmic, endocrine, nervous, renal and respiratory systems. This syndromeis sporadic in nature and has been linked to microdeletion at 16p 13.3 encodingCREB-binding protein gene (CREBBP). We report a 15-years-old girl, a knowncase of chronic renal failure, with downward slanting palpebral fissures towardthe ears, hypertelorism, short stature, beaked nose, micrognathia, strabismus,dental anomalies, large toes, broad thumbs, and mental retardation.Key words: Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome; chromosome 16p 13.3; mentalretardation; CBP gene.  

Evaluation of discontinuation of antibacterial prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux

زمینه و هدف: ریفلاکس وزیکویورترال ( VUR ) مهمترین علت زمینه ساز عفونت ادراری در کودکان است. جهت جلوگیری از عفونت ادراری در کودکان با ریفلاکس وزیکویورترال، از آنتی بیوتیک پروفیلاکسی استفاده می شود که می تواند با عدم پذیرش خانواده به دلیل مصرف طولانی مدت دارو همراه باشد. این مطالعه با هدف مقایسه قطع و عدم قطع داروی پروفیلاکسی در کودکان با ریفلاکس وزیکویورترال درجه 1 و 2 انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی 54 کودک مبتلا به ریفلاکس وزیکویورترال درجه 1 یا 2 و بالای 5 سال که طی یکسال گذشته فاقد عفونت ادراری بودند به روش در دسترس انتخاب شدند. کودکان به صورت یک در میان به دو گروه قطع (32 کودک) و ادامه (21 کودک) درمان تقسیم و حداقل به مدت 12 ماه پیگیری شدند. میزان عود عفونت در دو گروه مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. جهت بررسی آماری از آزمون های آماری کای دو ، t ، Logrank و تحلیل رگرسیون کاکسی استفاده شد. یافته ها: میانگین سن کودکان 5/2 ± 8/7 سال و 8/77 دختر بودند. در گروه قطع درمان 5 مورد و در گروه ادامه درمان 7 مورد عود عفونت وجود داشت (05/0 P> ). شانس عود عفونت در دختران 5/1 برابر پسران (05/0 P> ) و در کودکان زیر 7 سال 5 برابر کودکان بالای 7 سال بود (033/0= P ). نتیجه گیری: قطع دارو در کودکان بالای 5 سال با ریفلاکس وزیکویورترال درجه 1یا2 ریسک عود عفونت ادراری را افزایش نداده و قطع درمان پروفیلاکسی می تواند یک روش مطمئن و بی خطر باشد

Regime Shift Detection Techniques for Determining the Year of Positive 0°C Crossing in the Northern Hemisphere for Late-Winter and Spring

The temperature of 0°C, the phase change point of water-ice, is among the most influential factors on the hydrology of the temperate regions that experience winter. Many cryospheric processes, such as snow and ice melt, avalanches, freshwater ice breakup, and ice jam floods, are triggered by the arrival of the above-0°C air temperatures. Moreover, such 0°C based changes can have significant cascading impacts on other parts of the physical environment as well as related socio-economic activities. This research adopts an extensive analytical approach to examine the changes in the sign of mean JFM (January-February-March) and MAM (March-April-May) air temperatures, in the 0.5° × 0.5° land grid cells of the Northern Hemisphere (20.25°N-89.75°N), during the period 1901-2009. The goal is to identify grid cells in which JFM or MAM temperatures used to be primarily below freezing, however, changed sign permanently some time during 1901-2009 due to an advancement in the arrival timing of the annual above-0°C temperature. Considering that air temperature fluctuates and can cross 0°C several times during the entire period of study, four different modelling techniques are employed to detect the shift points in the trend function as well as mean level of the time series and to determine the year when the model rises above 0°C (y₀) in a given location. Model-specific criteria are set to determine y₀ in cases of multiple positive 0°C crossings. The techniques applied include i) trend shift detection techniques: Model 2 and Model 3 (Perron and Yabu, 2009b; Kim and Perron, 2009), ii) Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (Friedman, 1991), and iii) the R method (Rodionov, 2004,2006). This thesis provides a thorough discussion of these techniques and reviews their strengths and weaknesses relative to the research goals. In addition to y₀, the time of the onset of warming that causes a time series to permanently rise above 0°C (y_w) is identified. The applied methods divide the entire domain of the time series into sub-regions in which the data are approximated by polynomials of degree zero or one. The segment which encompasses y₀ is termed the 'segment of interest' (S_interest). The combination of S_interest and the segment(s) with positive slope that immediately follows S_interest forms a section referred to as the 'section of total warming' (S_W_total ). The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test, following the modified trend-free pre-whitening approach (Burn et al., 2004), is conducted to examine if the warming during S_interest, which causes the temperature to turn positive, is significant. The same test is applied to S_W_total to determine if the total warming subsequent to y_w is significant. Only the locations with significant warming during S_interest and S_W_total are selected. A bootstrap analysis (Cunderlik and Burn, 2002), conducted to determine the field significance of the results, indicates that local trends are also globally significant. 
A thorough comparative evaluation of all the above-mentioned techniques determines that Model 2 is the technique that best meets the analysis goals. Analytical results indicate that during JFM, y₀ most commonly takes place in the following zones (referred to as 'transition area'). It should be noted that only the grid cells with significant warming during S_interest and S_W_total are considered: i) North America, western U.S; ii) Europe, highest density in central Europe; iii) southwestern and central Asia, a small region consisting of some parts of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Iran; iv) central-eastern Asia, a small area in western China most of which lies in the Taklamakan Desert; v) easternmost Asia, some grid cells from east-central China, South Korea, and Japan. During MAM, over North America, the transition area of Model 2 is principally located in Canada and extends from northeastern British Columbia to the Atlantic regions. In Eurasia, northern Europe, European Russia, southern Russia, northern Mongolia, and northeastern China form the great portion of the transition area. It should be noted that except for a few high-elevation regions located in lower latitudes, the grid cells with y₀ taking place during MAM are located north of those with y₀ occurring during JFM. Results also indicate that y₀ of the majority of locations occurs during the 1960-2008 interval. During MAM, the transition area of Model 2 in east-central Canada and Eurasia exhibits a clear pattern of increase in y₀ values with latitude. This characteristic is also observed in some regions during JFM. The y_w values are most commonly distributed over the period 1901-1980 with a peak during 1960-1980. The rate of warming over S_interest and S_W_total generated by Model 2 is 0.01-0.1(°C/year). The spatial and temporal variability in the results is believed to be related to variations in climate, elevation effects, and/or large-scale atmosphere and ocean circulations, all of which require further evaluation for proper attribution of effects

Mass Spectra and Semileptonic Decays of Doubly Heavy Ξ \Xi and Ω \Omega Baryons

In the framework of a non-relativistic quark model, the mass spectra of the ground and excited states of doubly heavy $\Xi$ and $\Omega$ baryons are calculated. We estimate the mass difference between the $\Omega$ and corresponding $\Xi$ baryons as $M_{\Omega}-M_{\Xi}\simeq178$ MeV for all the states containing $cc,~bc$, or $bb$ quarks. A simple form of the universal Isgur-Wise function, as the transition form factor between the doubly heavy baryons, is introduced. Working in the close-to-zero recoil limit, we investigate the $b \rightarrow c$ semileptonic decay widths and branching fractions of the doubly heavy baryons. The obtained results are compared with other theoretical predictions.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures and 5 table

Effect of the standard clearing limit of forest road right-of-way on stand stock growth: Case study of Vaston forests, Hyrcanian zone

Forest roads must be constructed according to the technical standards and guidelines published by the  scientific organizations. The main aims of this research was to compare the standard clearing limit with  existence status and assess the effects of the application of improper clearing limit on forest stock growth. In this research the standard design of clearing limit was determined based on soil texture and hillside  gradient. Slope steepness map were obtained from DEM. 17 clearing limit samples were taken for each of the slope classes. The soil samples number were determined according to the length of roads which have passed from each slope classes. Results showed that the difference between the standard and existing  clearing limit in secondary forest road was significantly higher than that in main forest road. Difference  between stand volume decrease in standard and existing clearing limit in silt soil was significantly more  than that in silt clay and clay soils. The difference between standard and existing clearing limit as well as the difference between standard and existing trees stock growth in different slope classes and soil sub-units was significant. Difference between stand volume increased significantly as difference between standard  and existing clearing limit.Key words: Forest road, clearing limit, right-of-way, stock growth, standard design

The study of stability and changes poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), coefficient of the (Polyen Index) in burger production of Kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris) and Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) during storage at - 18 °C

Berger is one of the most significant products as fish paste, now produced of red meat and red meat waste with different qualities, does not have much nutritional value .Using fish as an alternative to red meat, diversify and enhance the quality of nutritional value and the ability to use for all ages in the community of the aims of this study were , in addition the combined use of a cultured marine species is effective and to raise the index of unsaturated fatty acids and amino acids in the final product .In this study the effects of different replacement of kilka meat instead of Silver carp in the preparation of the consolidated burger on the acceptance, as well as changes unsaturated fatty acids and poly factor that it considered during 5 months of the best treatment choice for industrial production to be introduced industry Therefore 4 treatments Burger compilation as follows: Treatment (control), combination of burger with %100 Silver carp meat , treatment 1, combination of burger with %100 Kilka meat, treatment 2, combination of burger with %75 + 25 Kilka and Silver carp meat , treatment 3, combination of burger with %50 + 50 Kilka and Silver carp meat , after adding the %5.6 flour and breadcrumbs, %6 onions, %5soy, %3.25tomato paste,% 0.15 lemon juice,%2.1 garlic and egg powder and spices and %1.2salt to treatments , after preparation and packaging of the kept at cold room(-18o c )was evaluated . According to treatment 3 test (50% Kilka meat and 50% Silver carp meat) with the other treatments had significant difference (p <0.05) and had higher levels of unsaturated fatty acid. Also the treatment2, control and 1 respectively are secondary priorities. According to the goals of this project that combine Kilka and Silver crap meat on preparation of fusion burger is to economies the final product , results within 5 months of product storage at - 18 ° C reflects the fact that product quality in the long term preservation of unsaturated fatty acids has been accepted

Causes of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Children on Prophylaxis

 Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common pediatric problem. It has been estimated that 8% of girls and 2% of boys suffer from UTI during childhood. So, prevention of scar formation in high risk children is very important. This study was performed to evaluate the causes of recurrent urinary tract infection in children on prophylaxis. Materials &amp; Methods: This study was performed on 141 cases in 126 children with recurrent UTI. A questionnaire was prepared and data including sex, age, grade of vesicoureteral reflux, and antibiotic used for prophylaxis were collected. Results: The mean age of the patients was 46.6±41.1 months; 24 % of the participants were male and 76% were female. The most common predisposing factor of recurrent UTI was vesicoureteral reflux. E.coli was the microorganism responsible for most of the cases (85.5%). In 85.5% of the children, Co-trimoxazole was used as prophylaxis. Drug resistance was the most common reason of recurrence. Conclusions: We conclude that girls are at higher risk of recurrent infection and regarding the high prevalence of Co-trimoxazole resistance, administration of this drug should be limited and with caution. Keywords: Urinary tract infections; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux; Drug resistance; Chil

CSWS Versus SIADH as the Probable Causes of Hyponatremia in Children With Acute CNS Disorders

How to Cite This Article: Sorkhi H, Salehi Omran MR, Barari Savadkoohi R, Baghdadi F, Nakhjavani N, Bijani A. CSWS versus SIADH as the probable Causes of Hyponatremia in Children with Acute CNS Disorders. Iran J Child Neurol. 2013 Summer;7(3): 34-39. ObjectiveThere is a major problem about the incidence, diagnosis, and differentiation of cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS) and syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in patients with acute central nervous system (CNS) disorders. According to rare reports of these cases, this study was performed in children with acute CNS disorders for diagnosis of CSWS versus SIADH.Materials &amp; MethodsThis prospective study was done on children with acute CNS disorders. The definition of CSWS was hyponatremia (serum sodium ≤130 mEq/L), urine volume output ≥3 ml/kg/hr, urine specific gravity ≥1020 and urinary sodium concentration ≥100 mEq/L. Also, patients with hyponatremia (serum sodium ≤130 mEq/L), urine output &lt; 3 ml/kg/hr, urine specific gravity ≥1020, and urinary sodium concentration &gt;20 mEq/L were considered to have SIADH.ResultsOut of 102 patients with acute CNS disorders, 62 (60.8%) children were male with mean age of 60.47±42.39 months. Among nine children with hyponatremia (serum sodium ≥130 mEq/L), 4 children had CSWS and 3 patients had SIADH.In 2 cases, the cause of hyponatremia was not determined. The mean day of hyponatremia after admission was 5.11±3.31 days. It was 5.25±2.75 and 5.66± 7.23 days in children with CSWS and SIADH, respectively. Also, the urine sodium (mEq/L) was 190.5±73.3 and 58.7±43.8 in patients with CSWS and SIADH, respectively.ConclusionAccording to the results of this study, the incidence of CSWS was more than SIADH in children with acute CNS disorders. So, more attention is needed to differentiate CSWS versus SIADH in order to their different management.References1. 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A case report of nephrotic syndrome with hemorrhage of intracerebral in cerebral venous thrombosis

Introduction: Cerebral vein thrombosis is a rare complication of nephrotic syndrome (NS).We report a known case of NS with hemorrhagic thrombosis. Case report: A boy with previous history of NS was admitted with headache and decrease of level of consciousness and his brain images were revealed hemorrhagic thrombosis Conclusions: Cerebral vein thrombosis must be considered in patients with history of NS (especially in new cases and during of relapses) and prevention of hemoconcentration is very important to decrease thrombosis risk