The role of the cardiologist in non-cardiac surgery: perioperative management features

Scop: Managementul perioperator adecvat este esențial în prevenirea complicațiilor cardiovasculare, inclusiv decesul de cauza cardiacă Material și metode: Ghidul Societății Europene de Cardiologie (ESC) pentru evaluarea cardiaca si managentul în chirurgia noncardiaca (2022) elaborat in comun cu Societatea Europeana de Anesteziologie si Terapie Intensivă (ESAIC) Rezultate: Aprecierea riscului preoperator trebuie sa țină cont de combinația multiplilor factori: pe de o parte de categoria de risc a operației (mică/intermediară/înaltă) pe de alta parte de factorii intriseci ce țin de pacient, în special vârsta, simptomele, factorii de risc cardiovasculari, precum și bolile cardiace cunoscute. Persoanele până la 65 ani fără factori de risc cardiovasculari sau boli cardiace constituite nu necesită careva evaluare preoperatorie pentru intervenții cu risc scăzut și intermediar, iar la intervențiile cu risc înalt se va efectua electrocardiograma și biomarkerii cardiaci la persoanele peste 45 ani. Pentru persoanele peste 65 ani sau cei cu factori de risc cardiovasculari si o interventie cu risc intermediar/ inalt se va efectua electrocardiograma, biomarkerii cardiaci si se va aprecia capacitatea functionala, iar pentru pacientii cu boli cardiovasculare cunoscute suplimentar se va efectua si consultatia cardiologului, la necesitate evaluare in echipa multidisciplinara. Evaluarea biomarkerilor, in special troponina postoperator depisteaza la timp infarctul miocardic postprocedural, care in 85% cazuri este silentios, fara durere tipica. Decizia continuarii medicamentelor cardiace cronice, in special anticoagulatele/antitromboticele deseori reprezinta o provocare, fiind esentiala examinarea atenta a riscul de sangerare si riscul ischemic, precum si cunoasterea deplina a istoricului medical al pacientului. Concluzii: Pregătirea preoperatorie necesita examinarea atenta a profilului clinic al pacientului si conlucrare interdisciplinara.Aim: Adequate perioperative management is essential in preventing cardiovascular complications, including cardiac death, during and after non-cardiac surgery. Material and methods: 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery: developed by the task force for cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), endorsed by the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC). Results: Cardiovascular risk assesment before non-cardiac surgery comprises a combination of multiple factors: on one hand there is the surgery risk category (low-risk, intermediate and high-risk) and on the other hand there are patient related risk factors to deal with, especially the patient's age, cardiovascular risk factors or even known cardiovascular disease. Individuals that are younger than 65 without any cardiovascular risk factors or known CVD do not need any additional investigations before a low- or intermediate risk surgery, while an ECG and cardiac biomarkers are warranted in those older than 45 before a high risk surgery. In individuals older than 65 or those with cardiovascular risk factors undergoing an intermediate or high risk surgery an ECG, cardiac biomarkers and functional capacity determination is necessary. Patients with known cardiovascular disease need a cardiology consult and sometimes a multidisciplinary team assessment. Dosing of cardiac biomarkers, especially cardiac troponins after surgery helps detect postprocedural myocardial infarction, which can be silent in 85% of cases - patients having no typical pain. Decisions concerning continuing chronic cardiac medication throughout the surgery, especially antithrombotic drugs, are usually quite challenging, as balancing bleeding and ischemic risks needs to be done after carefully studying the patient's history. Conclusion: Perioperative assessment requires a careful examination of the patient's clinical profile as well as interdisciplinary teamwork

Ethnic comparison in takotsubo syndrome: novel insights from the International Takotsubo Registry

Background Ethnic disparities have been reported in cardiovascular disease. However, ethnic disparities in takotsubo syndrome (TTS) remain elusive. This study assessed differences in clinical characteristics between Japanese and European TTS patients and determined the impact of ethnicity on in-hospital outcomes.Methods TTS patients in Japan were enrolled from 10 hospitals and TTS patients in Europe were enrolled from 32 hospitals participating in the International Takotsubo Registry. Clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes were compared between Japanese and European patients.Results A total of 503 Japanese and 1670 European patients were included. Japanese patients were older (72.6 +/- 11.4 years vs. 68.0 +/- 12.0 years; p < 0.001) and more likely to be male (18.5 vs. 8.4%; p< 0.001) than European TTS patients. Physical triggering factors were more common (45.5 vs. 32.0%; p < 0.001), and emotional triggers less common (17.5 vs. 31.5%; p < 0.001), in Japanese patients than in European patients. Japanese patients were more likely to experience cardiogenic shock during the acute phase (15.5 vs. 9.0%; p < 0.001) and had a higher in-hospital mortality (8.2 vs. 3.2%; p< 0.001). However, ethnicity itself did not appear to have an impact on in-hospital mortality. Machine learning approach revealed that the presence of physical stressors was the most important prognostic factor in both Japanese and European TTS patients.Conclusion Differences in clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes between Japanese and European TTS patients exist. Ethnicity does not impact the outcome in TTS patients. The worse in-hospital outcome in Japanese patients, is mainly driven by the higher prevalence of physical triggers.Cardiolog

Coexistence and outcome of coronary artery disease in Takotsubo syndrome

Aims Takotsubo syndrome (US) is an acute heart failure syndrome, which shares many features with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Although TTS was initially described with angiographically normal coronary arteries, smaller studies recently indicated a potential coexistence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in US patients. This study aimed to determine the coexistence, features, and prognostic role of CAD in a large cohort of patients with US.Methods and results Coronary anatomy and CAD were studied in patients diagnosed with US. Inclusion criteria were compliance with the International Takotsubo Diagnostic Criteria for TTS, and availability of original coronary angiographies with ventriculography performed during the acute phase. Exclusion criteria were missing views, poor quality of angiography loops, and angiography without ventriculography. A total of 1016 US patients were studied. Of those, 23.0% had obstructive CAD, 41.2% had non -obstructive CAD, and 35.7% had angiographically normal coronary arteries. A total of 47 patients (4.6%) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, and 3 patients had acute and 8 had chronic coronary artery occlusion concomitant with US, respectively. The presence of CAD was associated with increased incidence of shock, ventilation, and death from any cause. After adjusting for confounders, the presence of obstructive CAD was associated with mortality at 30 days. Takotsubo syndrome patients with obstructive CAD were at comparable risk for shock and death and nearly at twice the risk for ventilation compared to an age- and sex-matched ACS cohort.Conclusions Coronary artery disease frequently coexists in US patients, presents with the whole spectrum of coronary pathology including acute coronary occlusion, and is associated with adverse outcome.Cardiolog

Coexistence and outcome of coronary artery disease in takotsubo syndrome

Aims Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute heart failure syndrome, which shares many features with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Although TTS was initially described with angiographically normal coronary arteries, smaller studies recently indicated a potential coexistence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in TTS patients. This study aimed to determine the coexistence, features, and prognostic role of CAD in a large cohort of patients with TTS. Methods Coronary anatomy and CAD were studied in patients diagnosed with TTS. Inclusion criteria were compliance with and results the International Takotsubo Diagnostic Criteria for TTS, and availability of original coronary angiographies with ventriculography performed during the acute phase. Exclusion criteria were missing views, poor quality of angiography loops, and angiography without ventriculography. A total of 1016 TTS patients were studied. Of those, 23.0% had obstructive CAD, 41.2% had non-obstructive CAD, and 35.7% had angiographically normal coronary arteries. A total of 47 patients (4.6%) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, and 3 patients had acute and 8 had chronic coronary artery occlusion concomitant with TTS, respectively. The presence of CAD was associated with increased incidence of shock, ventilation, and death from any cause. After adjusting for confounders, the presence of obstructive CAD was associated with mortality at 30 days. Takotsubo syndrome patients with obstructive CAD were at comparable risk for shock and death and nearly at twice the risk for ventilation compared to an age- and sex-matched ACS cohort. Conclusions Coronary artery disease frequently coexists in TTS patients, presents with the whole spectrum of coronary pathology including acute coronary occlusion, and is associated with adverse outcome

Prediction of short- and long-term mortality in takotsubo syndrome: the InterTAK Prognostic Score

Cardiolog

Cohort profile: the ESC EURObservational Research Programme Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infraction (NSTEMI) Registry

Aims The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) EURObservational Research Programme (EORP) Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) Registry aims to identify international patterns in NSTEMI management in clinical practice and outcomes against the 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without ST-segment-elevation. Methods and results Consecutively hospitalised adult NSTEMI patients (n = 3620) were enrolled between 11 March 2019 and 6 March 2021, and individual patient data prospectively collected at 287 centres in 59 participating countries during a two-week enrolment period per centre. The registry collected data relating to baseline characteristics, major outcomes (inhospital death, acute heart failure, cardiogenic shock, bleeding, stroke/transient ischaemic attack, and 30-day mortality) and guideline-recommended NSTEMI care interventions: electrocardiogram pre- or in-hospital, prehospitalization receipt of aspirin, echocardiography, coronary angiography, referral to cardiac rehabilitation, smoking cessation advice, dietary advice, and prescription on discharge of aspirin, P2Y12 inhibition, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), beta-blocker, and statin. Conclusion The EORP NSTEMI Registry is an international, prospective registry of care and outcomes of patients treated for NSTEMI, which will provide unique insights into the contemporary management of hospitalised NSTEMI patients, compliance with ESC 2015 NSTEMI Guidelines, and identify potential barriers to optimal management of this common clinical presentation associated with significant morbidity and mortality