Assessment of patient satisfaction during the process of treatment at postgraduate orthodontics department of Babol Faculty of Dentistry in 2018

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine satisfaction in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in the orthodontics department of Babol Dental Faculty. Materials & Methods: Totally, 76 participants answered to a self-administrated questionnaire, categorized into 4 sections: "physician- patient relationship”, “social – mental improvement”, “admittance and environment-related factors”, “patients’ overall experience of treatment”. The answer to each question was scored in 5 levels from “completely disagree” with -2 scores to “completely agree” with +2 scores. Positive scores (+1 and +2) to questions were considered as high satisfaction. Results: Generally, 90% of participants reported high scores of satisfaction with “patient-physician relationship”, 75% with “environmental factors”, 72% with “overall experience of treatment” and finally 60% of them had high satisfaction with “social-mental improvement”. Conclusion: A high level of satisfaction was reported by orthodontic patients in orthodontics department of Babol Dental Faculty

Maternal mid- and late-pregnancy distress and birth outcome: A causal model of the mediatory role of pregnancy-specific distress

Background: There is lack of information about the effect of general distress and pregnancy-specific distress in mid- and late-pregnancy separately on neonatal outcome. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of mid-maternal distress on late-maternal distress and birth outcomes with a causal model of relationships among general distress and pregnancy-specific distress. Materials and Methods: In this longitudinal descriptive study, 100 low-risk pregnant women participated. Participants completed three questionnaires at mid-pregnancy (13–26 wk) and at late pregnancy (27–40 wk). Pregnancy-general distress was assessed by the Perceived Stress Scale and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. Pregnancy specific distress was evaluated by the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire. The pregnant women were followed to after birth and neonatal outcome were assessed. Results: All total effect pathways were significant as predictors of birth outcomes (height, weight, and head circumference). Mid-pregnancy-specific distress had a significant relationship with late pregnancy-specific distress. However, mid-maternal distress was not related directly to birth outcomes. The effect of mid-maternal distress on birth outcomes was related indirectly to late-maternal distress. Both late general distress and late pregnancy-specific distress had direct negative effects on three indexes of birth outcome. The negative effect of late general-pregnancy distress and mid-pregnancy-specific distress on birth outcome was mediated through late pregnancy-specific distress. Conclusion: Both late pregnancy-general distress and pregnancy-specific distress have negative effects on birth outcomes. These findings support a role for negative effect as mediating the relationship between late pregnancy-specific distress and birth outcomes

Comparative evaluation of self-adhering flowable and conventional flowable composites using different adhesive systems

Introduction: The ability to seal margins is considered as one of the best predictors for the long-term success of bonded restorations. The aim of this study was to compare microleakage in occlusal and gingival margins between cavities filled with self-adhesive flowable and conventional flowable composites using dye penetration. Composite restorations were bonded with self-etch, total etch and universal adhesives. Materials & Methods: In this in vitro study, 32 extracted human premolars for orthodontic purpose were included. Class V cavities(3x3x1.5mm)were prepared on the facial and lingual surfaces of each tooth. The teeth were randomly divided into four equal groups based on the type of material: Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan), Universal Scotch Bond (3M ESPE), and Vertise Flow (Kerr Corp). Bonding agents were applied according to the manufacturer instructions. Then, the cavities of the first three groups were restored with Filtek Flow (3M ESPE, USA). In addition, the teeth were thermocycled for 30 seconds and 1000 cycles at 5°-55°C. Microleakage was evaluated using a stereomicroscope(x40) .Specimens were subjected to a dye leakage test. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: Significant difference was observed in microleakage among four groups in both occlusal and gingival levels (p≤0.05). No significant difference was found regarding microleakage between Vertise Flow, and Etch - and - rinse and Universal groups. Conclusion: Vertise Flow is a useful material with adequate marginal seal

Effect of sodium fluoride in fifth-generation adhesive (Solobond M) on microleakage and dentin type I collagen content

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the addition of sodium fluoride to fifth-generation adhesive (Solobond M) on the degree of microleakage and type I collagen content of dentin. Materials & Methods: The present in vitro study was conducted on 120 orthodontically extracted human premolars devoid of decay and anatomical defects. Two series of 20 premolars were selected to test immunohistochemistry (IHC) and two series of 40 premolars to evaluate microleakage in two time points of 24 hours and 3 months. In both tests and at both time points, the tests were performed on the samples divided into four groups: 1-control (only Solobond M), 2-bonding group (Solobond M) containing fluoride, 3-bonding group (Solobond M) containing Chlorhexidine (CHX) after acid etching, and 4-bonding group (Solobond M) containing fluoride+CHX after acid etching. Results: The IHC score at 24 hours and 3 months was significantly higher in the CHX, Fluoride, and Fluoride+CHX groups compared to the control group. The IHC score in the CHX+fluoride group was higher than that in the CHX group (p=0.04). The degree of microleakage at 24 hours and 3 months was significantly lower in the Fluoride+CHX and Fluoride groups compared to the control group. The degree of microleakage in the Fluoride group was lower than in the CHX group. The IHC score and the microleakage degree had no significant difference in 24 hours and 3 months between the Fluoride+CHX, Fluoride and CHX groups. Conclusion: It seems that the effect of fluoride on non-degradation of collagen is greater than that of the CHX

Effect of hydrofluoric acid concentration and etching time on the surface roughness of CAD/CAM ceramics

Introduction: Dental ceramics are considered as materials that can restore the appearance of natural teeth. Etching the inner surface of a ceramic restoration with hydrofluoric acid (HF) followed by using a silane coupling agent is a well-known and recommended method to increase the bond strength. The aim of etching on ceramic structure is to enhance the surface roughness (Ra) and energy and to cleanse the bonding area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different HF concentrations and etching times on the Ra of IPS e.max CADTM and Vita mark IITM. Material & Methods: Two HF concentrations (5% and 10%) and three etching times (20, 60 and 120 seconds) were evaluated. Etched patterns were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Ra was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface element analysis was performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). Data were analyzed on SPSS 20 using ANOVA and T-test. Results: The Ra had no significant difference among various Vita mark IITM specimens (P=0.973). Among IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with 5% HF, the AFM results showed that 20-s etching time had the lowest Ra and among those etched with 10% HF and 120-s etching time had the most Ra. In IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with acid for 20 s, a significant difference was observed in Ra of 5% and 10% acid concentrations (5% HF lower than 10% HF) (p=0.012). Conclusion: Among IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with 5% and 10% HF, increasing the etching time lead to higher Ra. For both IPS e.maxTM and Vita mark IITM, 20-s etching with 5% HF provides acceptable Ra for the bond

Evaluation of apical foramen distance in relation to the anatomical apex of mandibular molars by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a selected Iranian population

Introduction: Knowledge of the internal anatomy and apical foramen of a tooth has always been a fundamental prerequisite for root canal therapy. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the distance of apical foramen in relation to the anatomical apex of mandibular molars by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a selected Iranian population. Material & Methods: In this cross- sectional study, 97 CBCT images of 25-50 years old patients were evaluated .the teeth were assessed in coronal plan. Results: Average (±SD) distance from apical foramen to the anatomical apex in the mesio-buccal and mesio-lingual, distal canal were [0.938 (±0.294)mm], [0.964 (±0.315)mm] and [0.982 (±0.322)mm] respectively. No statistical difference was found between right and left quadrant. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 1mm distance from radiographic apex in mandibular molars could be appropriate for root canal therapy

Evaluation of the morphometric variation of frontal sinus in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of paranasal sinus

Introduction: The frontal sinus is the most variable part of the paranasal sinuses in terms of symmetry, anatomical features and degree of development. The aim of this study was to assess the morphometric changes of the frontal sinus in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 CBCT images were examined for anatomical variations such as the presence of frontal sinus, sinus symmetry, lateral frontal sinus extension (LFSE) to orbital roof, scalloping, septum and type of septum. Moreover, Crista Galli (CG) was divided into three equal segments of anterior, middle and posterior in order to have a precise criterion for determining the location of the frontal recess in coronal plane. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with T-test and Chi-square at significant level of P<0.05. Results: Of 200 cases, 113 and 87 ones were male and female with the mean age of 18‒88 years. The results showed that frontal sinus was bilateral in all cases and symmetric in 113(57%) cases. The LFSE to orbital roof had a significant relationship with gender, so that at the external one-third, the LFSE was less frequent in women than men (P<0.001). The most frequent location of the frontal recess was in the posterior one-third of CG (85 (43%)) with significant difference (P=0.012). Conclusion: In this study, frontal sinuses were rather symmetric, and the use of the anatomical CG marker in multiplanar (MPR) images was not feasible method for rapid detection of the frontal recess location in coronal plane

Relationship between mothers\' awareness of eruption time of first permanent molar and its caries in 7-9-year-old children

Introduction: Since the first permanent molar (FPM) as a first permanent tooth erupts between 6-7 years old and has a long period of eruption, it is the most caries prone tooth. One of the problems is inadequate knowledge of parents about the eruption time of the FPM; because these teeth erupt behind the deciduous teeth without a primary successor. In the present study, mothers' knowledge about its eruption time and its effect on health of these teeth was evaluated. Materials& Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 406 schoolchildren (7-9 years old) and their mothers using multi-stage sampling in Babol in 2017. Mothers completed the check list according to the study objectives. Clinical status of FPM was measured using DMFT (Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth) index. Finally, data were analyzed with SPSS 18 using t-test and chi-square. Significance level was considered as p<0.05. Results: Mothers’ awareness about the eruption time of FPM (p<0.001) was associated with higher ratio of children with sound FPM. Mothers’ education level was the most significant contributing factor to mothers' knowledge about FPM eruption time. Conclusion: Mothers’ education and their knowledge about the FPMs eruption time were the major predictors of FPM caries status

Scanning electron microscope and shear bond strength analysis of Biofix and Orthocem two-step fluoridated orthodontic adhesives on human enamel

Introduction: The bonding process in orthodontic treatment is very important. This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and bond failure sites of stainless steel brackets bonded with two new two-step adhesives (Biofix (BF) and Orthocem (OC)) and a three-step adhesive (Transbond XT (TXT)). Material & Methods: In this in vitro study, 66 extracted human premolars were collected and randomly divided into three groups (n=22). The brackets were bonded to each tooth with a) TXT, b) BF, and c) OC adhesives according to manufacturers’ instructions. The SBS values of the brackets were measured 24 hours after thermocycling. Adhesive remnant index (ARI), enamel detachment index (EDI) and bond failure locations on bracket surfaces were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed using stereomicroscopic, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software and ANOVA test. The significance level was defined at P<0.05. Results: The means and standard deviations of SBS values for TXT, BF and OC adhesives were 22.49±4.58, 17.82±6.43 and 16.20±4.46 MPa, respectively. The SBS in the TXT group was significantly different from the two other groups, but the difference was not significant between the two other groups. Moreover, ARI and EDI were not significantly different between the three groups. The SBS values of BF (P<0.001) and OC (P<0.001) were not significantly different. Conclusion: The adhesive SBS in the BF and OC groups was in the determined ranges to bond the orthodontic brackets. Therefore, these two adhesives can be used as a proper alternative for conventional bonding methods

Prevalence and anatomical variations of maxillary sinus septa : a cone-beam computed tomography analysis

Detailed understanding the anatomy and variations of maxillary sinus septa is necessary. We aimed to investigate prevalence and various anatomical variations of maxillary sinus septa using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. In this retrospecti