57 research outputs found

    Paternity and Dominance Loss in Male Breeders: The Cost of Helpers in a Cooperatively Breeding Mammal

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    Paternity insurance and dominance tenure length are two important components of male reproductive success, particularly in species where reproduction is highly skewed towards a few individuals. Identifying the factors affecting these two components is crucial to better understand the pattern of variation in reproductive success among males. In social species, the social context (i.e. group size and composition) is likely to influence the ability of males to secure dominance and to monopolize reproduction. Most studies have analyzed the factors affecting paternity insurance and dominance tenure separately. We use a long term data set on Alpine marmots to investigate the effect of the number of subordinate males on both paternity insurance and tenure of dominant males. We show that individuals which are unable to monopolize reproduction in their family groups in the presence of many subordinate males are likely to lose dominance the following year. We also report that dominant males lose body mass in the year they lose both paternity and dominance. Our results suggest that controlling many subordinate males is energetically costly for dominant males, and those unable to support this cost lose the control over both reproduction and dominance. A large number of subordinate males in social groups is therefore costly for dominant males in terms of fitness

    Carbone des sols en Afrique

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    Les sols sont une ressource essentielle Ă  prĂ©server pour la production d’aliments, de fibres, de biomasse, pour la filtration de l’eau, la prĂ©servation de la biodiversitĂ© et le stockage du carbone. En tant que rĂ©servoirs de carbone, les sols sont par ailleurs appelĂ©s Ă  jouer un rĂŽle primordial dans la lutte contre l’augmentation de la concentration de gaz Ă  effet de serre. Ils sont ainsi au centre des objectifs de dĂ©veloppement durable (ODD) des Nations unies, notamment les ODD 2 « Faim zĂ©ro », 13 « Lutte contre le changement climatique », 15 « Vie terrestre », 12 « Consommation et production responsables » ou encore 1 « Pas de pauvretĂ© ». Cet ouvrage prĂ©sente un Ă©tat des lieux des sols africains dans toute leur diversitĂ©, mais au-delĂ , il documente les capacitĂ©s de stockage de carbone selon les types de sols et leurs usages en Afrique. Il propose Ă©galement des recommandations autour de l’acquisition et de l’interprĂ©tation des donnĂ©es, ainsi que des options pour prĂ©server, voire augmenter les stocks de carbone dans les sols. Tous les chercheurs et acteurs du dĂ©veloppement impliquĂ©s dans les recherches sur le rĂŽle du carbone des sols sont concernĂ©s par cette synthĂšse collective. Fruit d’une collaboration entre chercheurs africains et europĂ©ens, ce livre insiste sur la nĂ©cessitĂ© de prendre en compte la grande variĂ©tĂ© des contextes agricoles et forestiers africains pour amĂ©liorer nos connaissances sur les capacitĂ©s de stockage de carbone des sols et lutter contre le changement climatique

    Les substances émergentes dans les écosystÚmes aquatiques français : une application aux alkylphénol-polyéthoxylés et aux substances pharmaceutiques

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    Les alkylphĂ©nol-polyĂ©thoxylĂ©s et les substances pharmaceutiques appartiennent Ă  la classe des contaminants Ă©mergents qui sont depuis peu Ă©tudiĂ©s dans les milieux naturels. Ces composĂ©s d’usage trĂšs rĂ©pandu (aussi bien en termes d’applications qu’en termes de quantitĂ©) sont introduits dans le milieu aquatique, via les stations d’épuration, principalement et sont susceptibles d’engendrer des effets toxiques sur les organismes vivants dans ces milieux. La premiĂšre partie de ce travail de thĂšse a consistĂ© en le dĂ©veloppement et la validation de diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodologies d’échantillonnage (ponctuel et intĂ©gratif (POCIS)), de diffĂ©rents protocoles d’extraction (SPE, extraction assistĂ©e par micro-ondes) et d’analyse (CL/SM, CL/SM/SM), nĂ©cessaires pour un dosage fiable des alkylphĂ©nol-polyĂ©thoxylĂ©s et des substances pharmaceutiques dans les diffĂ©rents compartiments des systĂšmes aquatiques (phases dissoute, particulaire et sĂ©dimentaire, organismes biologiques). Ensuite, un bilan de la contamination de diffĂ©rents systĂšmes aquatiques (le bassin de d’estuaire de Seine, la Garonne et la Gironde, la baie de la Vilaine, la baie de l’Authie, l’Adour, la rade de Marseille) a Ă©tĂ© dressĂ©. Une contamination gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e par ces composĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©vidence pour l’ensemble des sites Ă©tudiĂ©s. Les concentrations mesurĂ©es apparaissent extrĂȘmement variables selon la classe de molĂ©cule considĂ©rĂ©e, les sites et le temps avec des concentrations comprises entre le ng.l-1 et la dizaine de ”g.l-1 pour les phases dissoutes et de la dizaine de ng.g-1 et la dizaine de ”g.g-1 pour les phases solides (plusieurs centaines de ”g.g-1 dans les boues d’épuration). Ces Ă©tudes ont Ă©galement permis de documenter la prĂ©sence et le devenir des molĂ©cules ciblĂ©es dans les stations d’épuration et ont permis d’en Ă©valuer l’efficacitĂ© quant l’abattement des substances incriminĂ©es. Enfin, ces travaux ont Ă©galement permis de mettre en Ă©vidence des phĂ©nomĂšnes de partition entre les phases dissoutes et les phases solides ainsi que des phĂ©nomĂšnes de transferts vers les organismes du milieu.Alkylphenol-polyethoxylates and pharmaceutical substances belong to the class of the emerging contaminants which have been recently studied in natural environments. These compounds of very widespread use (in terms of applications as well as in terms of quantity) are introduced into the aquatic environment, via the wastewater treatment plants, mainly, and are likely to generate toxic effects on the living organisms in these systems. The first part of this work consisted in the development and validation of various methodologies of sampling (grab sampling and integrative sampling (POCIS)), of various protocols of extraction (SPE, microwaves assisted extraction) and of analysis (LC/MS, LC/MS/MS), necessary for a reliable quantification of alkylphenol-polyethoxylates and pharmaceutical substances in the various compartments of aquatic systems (phases dissolved, particulate and sedimentary, biological organisms). Then, an assessment of the contamination of numerous aquatic systems (the catchment area of the Seine estuary, the Garonne and the Gironde, the bay of Vilaine, the bay of Authie, the Adour, the Mediterranean coast of Marseilles) was undertaken. A generalized contamination by these compounds was highlighted for all the studied sites. The measured concentrations appear to be extremely variable according to the class of molecule considered, the sites and time with concentrations ranging from the ng.l-1 to tens of ”g.l-1 for the dissolved phases and from tens of ng.g-1 to tens of ”g.g-1 for the solid phases (several hundreds of ”g.g-1 in the clarification sludge). These studies also made it possible to document the presence and the fate of these molecules in the French wastewater treatment plant and made it possible to evaluate their effectiveness to remove the studied compounds. Lastly, this work also made it possible to highlight phenomena of partition between the dissolved phases and the solid phases as well as phenomena of transfers through the biological organisms

    Essai clinique comparatif de deux aliments préconisés dans le traitement de l'obésité chez le chat

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    LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocTOULOUSE-EN Vétérinaire (315552301) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Les substances émergentes dans les écosystÚmes aquatiques français : une application aux alkylphénol-polyéthoxylés et aux substances pharmaceutiques

    No full text
    Les alkylphĂ©nol-polyĂ©thoxylĂ©s et les substances pharmaceutiques appartiennent Ă  la classe des contaminants Ă©mergents qui sont depuis peu Ă©tudiĂ©s dans les milieux naturels. Ces composĂ©s d’usage trĂšs rĂ©pandu (aussi bien en termes d’applications qu’en termes de quantitĂ©) sont introduits dans le milieu aquatique, via les stations d’épuration, principalement et sont susceptibles d’engendrer des effets toxiques sur les organismes vivants dans ces milieux. La premiĂšre partie de ce travail de thĂšse a consistĂ© en le dĂ©veloppement et la validation de diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodologies d’échantillonnage (ponctuel et intĂ©gratif (POCIS)), de diffĂ©rents protocoles d’extraction (SPE, extraction assistĂ©e par micro-ondes) et d’analyse (CL/SM, CL/SM/SM), nĂ©cessaires pour un dosage fiable des alkylphĂ©nol-polyĂ©thoxylĂ©s et des substances pharmaceutiques dans les diffĂ©rents compartiments des systĂšmes aquatiques (phases dissoute, particulaire et sĂ©dimentaire, organismes biologiques). Ensuite, un bilan de la contamination de diffĂ©rents systĂšmes aquatiques (le bassin de d’estuaire de Seine, la Garonne et la Gironde, la baie de la Vilaine, la baie de l’Authie, l’Adour, la rade de Marseille) a Ă©tĂ© dressĂ©. Une contamination gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e par ces composĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©vidence pour l’ensemble des sites Ă©tudiĂ©s. Les concentrations mesurĂ©es apparaissent extrĂȘmement variables selon la classe de molĂ©cule considĂ©rĂ©e, les sites et le temps avec des concentrations comprises entre le ng.l-1 et la dizaine de ”g.l-1 pour les phases dissoutes et de la dizaine de ng.g-1 et la dizaine de ”g.g-1 pour les phases solides (plusieurs centaines de ”g.g-1 dans les boues d’épuration). Ces Ă©tudes ont Ă©galement permis de documenter la prĂ©sence et le devenir des molĂ©cules ciblĂ©es dans les stations d’épuration et ont permis d’en Ă©valuer l’efficacitĂ© quant l’abattement des substances incriminĂ©es. Enfin, ces travaux ont Ă©galement permis de mettre en Ă©vidence des phĂ©nomĂšnes de partition entre les phases dissoutes et les phases solides ainsi que des phĂ©nomĂšnes de transferts vers les organismes du milieu.Alkylphenol-polyethoxylates and pharmaceutical substances belong to the class of the emerging contaminants which have been recently studied in natural environments. These compounds of very widespread use (in terms of applications as well as in terms of quantity) are introduced into the aquatic environment, via the wastewater treatment plants, mainly, and are likely to generate toxic effects on the living organisms in these systems. The first part of this work consisted in the development and validation of various methodologies of sampling (grab sampling and integrative sampling (POCIS)), of various protocols of extraction (SPE, microwaves assisted extraction) and of analysis (LC/MS, LC/MS/MS), necessary for a reliable quantification of alkylphenol-polyethoxylates and pharmaceutical substances in the various compartments of aquatic systems (phases dissolved, particulate and sedimentary, biological organisms). Then, an assessment of the contamination of numerous aquatic systems (the catchment area of the Seine estuary, the Garonne and the Gironde, the bay of Vilaine, the bay of Authie, the Adour, the Mediterranean coast of Marseilles) was undertaken. A generalized contamination by these compounds was highlighted for all the studied sites. The measured concentrations appear to be extremely variable according to the class of molecule considered, the sites and time with concentrations ranging from the ng.l-1 to tens of ”g.l-1 for the dissolved phases and from tens of ng.g-1 to tens of ”g.g-1 for the solid phases (several hundreds of ”g.g-1 in the clarification sludge). These studies also made it possible to document the presence and the fate of these molecules in the French wastewater treatment plant and made it possible to evaluate their effectiveness to remove the studied compounds. Lastly, this work also made it possible to highlight phenomena of partition between the dissolved phases and the solid phases as well as phenomena of transfers through the biological organisms

    Creation of a New European Metrology Network on Pollution Monitoring (POLMO)

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    Driven by a wide set of European regulations, strategies and action plans, to cope with and to minimize environmental pollution in Europe, the need for pollution monitoring especially on chemicals and radionuclides is constantly growing in importance as it supports the ambition of the European Union: “In 2050, we live well within the planet’s ecological limits”. This can be reached only on the basis of high-quality data on pollution monitoring as well as strong metrological cooperation between all relevant European partners and stakeholders. To foster this goal a strong, collaborative, multi-disciplinary, long-term and self-sustaining “European Metrology Network on pollution monitoring”, as a metrological reference infrastructure, needs to be generated and managed. Such a metrological network will be developed over the next years within the framework of an EMPIR network project called POLMO.POLMO will focus first on chemicals and radionuclides pollution in the different compartments of the environment (water, air, soil) but also will strive to expand its expertise to other areas such as light or noise pollution on longer terms. The detailed objectives of the POLMO network are:To become an international point of focus and create stronger connections for all the different stakeholder communities (active networks and associations, research centres, testing laboratories, manufacturers, industry, standardization bodies, regulators) with NMIs/DIs. This should allow new approaches to meet stakeholder requirements by developing multidisciplinary metrological research overpassing current regulatory principles.To maximize efficiency of NMIs/DIs activity and minimise resources (human, infrastructures, financial) as well as knowledge, data and best-practice transfers between NMIs/DIs and with the main EU organisations as well as stakeholders in the POLMO context.Demonstrate the role of metrology in the European research area. Moreover, to define the place and role of the metrology in the pollution monitoring chain of measurements and to demonstrate its added value and benefit.To maximize and accelerate dissemination of reliable metrology practices for pollution monitoring through mutually recognized and agreed approachesThe goal of this poster is to describe how the POLMO Metrology Network will be implemented from mid 2022 in particular by the means of an EMPIR JNP (Joint Network Programme) in the framework of EURAMET (European Association of National Metrology Institutes). The project could support the need for harmonization and reliability of e-DNA measurements, as necessary to support their recognition, by organizing the development of missing metrological tools at European leve
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