Caractéristiques des langues et apprentissage de la lecture en langue première et en français langue seconde (perspective évolutive et comparative entre l arabe et le portugais)

Cette recherche interlangue a pour premier objectif d analyser l évolution des connaissances graphophonologiques, grapho-morphologiques et grapho-syntaxiques, implicites et explicites et la contribution de ces connaissances à la lecture en arabe vocalisé et en portugais langue première. Les résultats indiquent que les élèves de langue arabe se focalisent davantage sur la structure morphodérivationnelle en racine/schème que sur le marquage flexionnel, alors que les élèves de langue portugaise développent, non seulement une sensibilité phonologique à la rime et à la syllabe mais aussi de meilleures connaissances grapho-morpho-flexionnelles que grapho-morpho-dérivationnelles. Par ailleurs, si les connaissances morphologiques jouent un rôle sur la reconnaissance des mots écrits quelle que soit la langue, on remarque que ce sont celles les plus décontextualisées qui interviennent en arabe. La contribution des connaissances grapho-morpho-dérivationnelles à la compréhension de phrases en arabe souligne là encore l importance de la morphologie dans cette langue écrite. Enfin, la compréhension en lecture apparaît plus dépendante des processus d automatisation en portugais, du fait de l opacité relative de son orthographe. Le deuxième objectif de ce travail est d étudier le rôle des acquisitions de la lecture en langue première (arabe vs. portugais) sur l apprentissage de la lecture en français langue seconde. Les comparaisons ont permis de conclure que le statut privilégié de la morphologie en arabe peut inciter les apprenants à porter attention à la structure interne des mots français pour les lire. En revanche, les similitudes entre le portugais et le français facilitent le développement de la sensibilité graphophonologique et amplifient la symétrie entre les habiletés de lecture de mots en L1 et en L2. Les profils de compréhension en français L2 et leur évolution sont également très différents entre arabophones et lusophonesFirst, this crosslinguistic study aimed to investigate graphophonological, grapho-morphological and grapho-syntactical implicit and explicit knowledge development and the contribution of this knowledge to reading in vocalised Arabic and Portuguese mother tongue. Results indicate that Arabic pupils focus on root/pattern morpho-derivational structure, more than on inflected cues, whereas Portuguese pupils show a phonological sensitivity to rime and syllable but also better knowledge about inflexional than derivational morphology. Moreover, whatever mother tongue we studied, morphological knowledge plays a role on written words recognition, when more decontextualized knowledge occurs mainly in Arabic. The grapho-morpho-derivational knowledge contribution in Arabic reading comprehension accentuates the significance of morphology in this written language. Lastly, reading comprehension seems to be more dependent from automatised processes in Portuguese because of its relatively irregular orthography. The second aim of this research was to study the role of reading acquisition in mother tongue (Arabic vs. Portuguese) on learning to read in French as a second language. Comparisons allow to conclude that the special status of morphology in Arabic can conduct learners to pay attention on internal structure of French words in order to read it. In the other hand, similarity between Portuguese and French facilitates the development of graphophonological sensitivity and emphasises the symmetry between first and second language reading words skills. French second language reading comprehension profiles and their development are also very different between Arabic and Portuguese speakersRENNES2-BU Centrale (352382101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Régularités graphophonologiques, orthographiques et morphologiques (apprentissage implicite et impact précoce sur la lecture)

Cette thèse étudie l'apparition des connaissances graphophonologiques, orthographiques, morphologiques et l'utilisation de ces connaissances en lecture. Les résultats indiquent que les connaissances explicites sur la consistance graphophonologique sont tardives, elles sont précédées par la manifestation d'une sensibilité graphophonologique. Dès le CP, cette consistance a une influence sur la vitesse et sur l'exactitude de la lecture des mots réguliers. Cet effet se retrouve chez le lecteur expert essentiellement pour les pseudo-mots. Dès le CP se manifeste également une sensibilité à la fréquence des bigrammes. En revanche, les enfants ne sont pas conscients de la fréquence relative des bigrammes isolés. La structure orthographique n'a pas d'effet significatif sur le traitement des mots et des pseudo-mots : les items contenant un bigramme fréquent en position initiale ou finale ne sont pas mieux lus que ceux avec un bigramme rare. Chez le lecteur expert, la présence d'un bigramme initial fréquent est facilitatrice. Enfin, une sensibilité à la structure morphologique écrite existe dès le CE1 et précède le développement de connaissances explicites. Dès le CP, la préfixation joue un rôle en lecture : les items préfixés sont mieux lus que les pseudo-préfixés. En revanche, la structure morphologique des suffixés ne facilite pas la lecture des items. Le caractère plurimorphémique des items n'influence pas non plus leur traitement chez l'expert. Ces résultats permettent de discuter l'impact précoce des connaissances orthographiques et morphologiques en lecture.This thesis studies the appearance of graphophonological, orthographic, morphological knowledge and the use of this knowledge in reading. The results show that explicit knowledge of graphophonological consistency comes later, and is preceded by a demonstration of graphophonological sensitivity. From the first grade, this consistency has an influence on the speed and on the precision of reading regular words. This effect is found in the expert reader mainly for pseudo-words. From the first grade there is also a sensitivity to the frequency of bigrams. On the other hand, children are not aware of the relative frequency of isolated bigrams. Spelling structure does not have a significant effect on the treatment of words and pseudo-words: items that contain a frequent bigram in an initial or final position are not read better than those with a rare bigram. In the expert reader, the presence of an initial frequent bigram is helpful. Finally, sensitivity to the written morphological structure is present from the second grade and precedes the development of explicit knowledge. From the first grade, prefixes play a role in reading: the prefixed items are read better than pseudo-prefixes. On the other hand, the morphological structure of suffixes does not help the reading of the items. When items are polymorphemic this does not influence their treatment by the expert. These results will lead to a discussion of the early impact of orthographic and morphological knowledge in reading.RENNES2-BU Centrale (352382101) / SudocMENDE-IUFM (480952201) / SudocPERPIGNAN-IUFM (661362201) / SudocNIMES-IUFM (301892201) / SudocSudocFranceF

Computed tomography and ultrasound examination of subcapsular prostatic cyst in a fiveyear-old dog with severe benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Clinical case: A five-year-old Bullmastiff dog was initially presented for staging of an extra skeletal osteosarcoma on the right hip. The dog had a history of intermittent haematuria for months that had never been investigated. Abdominal computed tomographic examination (CT) incidentally revealed an enlarged (8x7.6x5cm) and heterogeneous prostate with contrast enhancement and periprostatic fat stranding. Several hypoattenuating areas were observed in the parenchyma and its periphery, some of them outlined by a rim enhancement on post-contrast scan. Prostatitis and prostatic abscesses associated with secondary steatitis were suspected. Bilateral mild medial iliac lymphadenopathy was present. Ultrasound examination (US) showed an enlarged (7.6cm width, 4cm height in cross section), bilobed prostate. Anechoic dilated ducts radiated from the middle of the gland and connected with an anechoic, septated and irregular-shaped area with distal enhancement between the parenchyma and the distended prostatic capsule of the right lobe. The surrounding fat was hyperechoic, suggesting secondary steatitis. No abnormality was found in the testicles. Cytology from fluid collected by prostatic lavage (PL) showed red blood cells and prostatic cells but no inflammatory cells or bacteria. Urinalysis was within standard limits. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (US-FNA) of the subcapsular cavity and prostatic parenchyma were performed and 0.2 ml of serous fluid were collected from the cavity. No signs of inflammation were observed on cytological examination. A severe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and a subcapsular cyst were diagnosed. No US-FNA of the iliac lymph nodes was performed. The dog underwent castration at the same time as surgical removal of the hip mass. Regardless of his BPH, he received cefalexin and carprofen during one week. The dog showed no urinary symptoms during the three weeks after surgery and no ultrasound control was performed. Discussion: Small intraparenchymal cysts are common findings in BPH. Obstruction of ducts by cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy leads to accumulation of non-inflammatory prostatic secretions within the parenchyma. We report that, while most cysts associated with BPH are located within the parenchyma, they can also collect peripherally between the prostatic parenchyma and the capsule. In this case, CT showed severe enlargement and heterogeneity of the prostate. CT is reported to be more accurate than US for evaluating prostatic size. Prostatic height may have been underestimated by US. Heterogeneous tissue structure and changes in attenuation on CT after contrast agent injection seem to be very sensitive and to detect earlier prostatic changes than US1. However, these features do not specifically differentiate between different prostatic conditions and should not be over-interpreted. Prostatic surrounding reactive fat at US or CT is usually not observed in BPH. Severe enlargement of the prostate could have led to surrounding steatitis. US is the gold standard when investigating the prostate. However, cytology is essential to distinguish between cysts and abscesses2 and to confirm a prostatitis. Cytology of fluid obtained by PL shows a good correlation with histology in case of inflammation. Dilution should be avoided by centrifugation of sample before examination. Contamination by cells of the urinary tract may occur. US-FNA permits to focus on lesion detected by US and shows the strongest correlation with histological diagnosis. Aspiration of fibrotic tissue can lead to poor cellularity.3 In this case, both methods lead to a BHP diagnosis. Increased serum canine prostatic specific esterase (CPSE) concentrations have been reported in dogs affected by HBP, prostatitis or prostatic carcinoma. CPSE could be useful to detect early prostatic disorders but further evaluations are needed to differentiate between prostatic diseases. According to anamnesis and clinical findings, cytology should be performed to refine the imaging diagnosis and propose the most accurate treatment

Transfert de la conscience morphologique de l’arabe langue première au français langue seconde au cours des trois premières années d’apprentissage

SJR 2019 Q3Cette étude examine le transfert de la conscience morphologique (CM) de l’arabe L1 vers la CM et la lecture de mots en français L2 (FL2) en 1e, 2e et 3e années d’apprentissage du FL2 (n=106). Les niveaux de lecture et de CM flexionnelle et dérivationnelle sont mesurés dans les deux langues par des tests de lecture de mots en une minute et des épreuves de détection d’intrus (flexionnel et dérivationnel). Les analyses de régression hiérarchiques montrent que la contribution de la CM en L1 à la CM en L2 n’apparaît qu’en 2e année et sa contribution à la lecture en FL2 qu’en 3e année. Le transfert morphologique, notamment dérivationnel, entre des langues orthographiquement et morphologiquement éloignées serait relativement limité, une fois atteint un niveau minimal en FL2 et avant l’intervention de compétences spécifiques au français. There is a great deal of evidence to support the role of morphological awareness in reading development. However, towards second language acquisition, transfer of morphological awareness from first to second language (L1 to L2) is still discussed. The underlying question concerns the extent to which morphological awareness is a specific or universal process, and its dependence of linguistic features. The aim of this study is to examine cross-linguistic transfer of morphological awareness from Arabic L1 to French L2 (morphological awareness and word reading) at different level of learning French L2 (FL2). 106 Tunisian children, whose first language is Arabic, in 1st (n=29; mean age; 8; 10 years), 2nd (n=33; mean age; 9; 9 years) or 3rd year (n=44; mean age; 10; 10 years) of learning FL2 participated to this study. Their morphological awareness (inflectional or derivational oddity detection tasks) and their performance in word reading (one minute test) were assessed in standard Arabic and French, as well as their vocabulary knowledge in French. A series of fixed-order hierarchical regression analysis was performed on derivational awareness performances, inflectional awareness performances and word reading performances in FL2, controlling for effects of other important variables (e.g. French vocabulary, French morphological awareness with word reading scores as outcome variable and French inflectional or derivational awareness with French inflectional or derivational awareness scores as outcome variable respectively, Arabic word reading, etc.). Results show significant contributions of L1 morpho-derivational awareness on FL2 morpho-derivational awareness in 2nd year (12%), and of L1 morphological awareness on reading words FL2 in 3rd year (5%). These results confirm the cross-linguistic transfer of morphological awareness, particularly derivational, from L1 to L2 among alphabetic — but orthographically and morphologically distances — languages. They also suggest that such a transfer could be relatively limited. It could appear during learning process after achieving a threshold in FL2 and before specific L2 skills take place. Thus, beyond the morphological opacity of Arabic (nonlinear morphology) and linguistic distance between Arabic and French, the morphological transfer could appear on rich and important morphological dimension in L1 and suggest dealing with the nature of cross-linguistic abilities in depth

Transfert de la conscience morphologique de l'arabe langue première au français langue seconde au cours des trois premières années d'apprentissage

International audienc

Faire la route

Ce numéro réunit les contributions de sept historiens et d’un anthropologue autour du thème de la route afin de rendre compte des multiples approches conceptuelles que suscite cet objet historique. Sont abordées l’étude des ponts et de leur signification politique et religieuse, des mesures engagées pour assurer l’entretien et l’efficacité des voies de communication et enfin celle des fonctions de la route dans les réseaux urbains ou le Tour de France des compagnons

Cancers (Basel)

Inflammatory cytokines play a major role in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) as regulators of the MPN clone and as mediators of clinical symptoms and complications. Firstly, we investigated the effect of V617F on 42 molecules linked to inflammation. For V617F-mutated patients, the V617F allele burden (%V617F) correlated with the levels of IL-1β, IL-1Rα, IP-10 and leptin in polycythemia vera (PV), and with IL-33 in ET; for all other molecules, no correlation was found. Cytokine production was also studied in the human megakaryocytic cell line UT-7. Wild-type UT-7 cells secreted 27/42 cytokines measured. UT-7 clones expressing 50% or 75% V617F were generated, in which the production of IL-1β, IP-10 and RANTES was increased; other cytokines were not affected. Secondly, we searched for causes of chronic inflammation in MPNs other than driver mutations. Since antigen-driven selection is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of blood malignancies, we investigated whether proinflammatory glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph) may play a role in MPNs. We report that 20% (15/75) of MPN patients presented with anti-GlcSph IgGs, distinguished by elevated levels of 11 cytokines. In summary, only IL-1β and IP-10 were linked to V617F both in patients and in UT-7 cells; other inflammation-linked cytokines in excess in MPNs were not. For subsets of MPN patients, a possible cause of inflammation may be auto-immunity against glucolipids