19 research outputs found

    Membrane Shape Modulates Transmembrane Protein Distribution

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    SummaryAlthough membrane shape varies greatly throughout the cell, the contribution of membrane curvature to transmembrane protein targeting is unknown because of the numerous sorting mechanisms that take place concurrently in cells. To isolate the effect of membrane shape, we used cell-sized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) containing either the potassium channel KvAP or the water channel AQP0 to form membrane nanotubes with controlled radii. Whereas the AQP0 concentrations in flat and curved membranes were indistinguishable, KvAP was enriched in the tubes, with greater enrichment in more highly curved membranes. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements showed that both proteins could freely diffuse through the neck between the tube and GUV, and the effect of each protein on membrane shape and stiffness was characterized using a thermodynamic sorting model. This study establishes the importance of membrane shape for targeting transmembrane proteins and provides a method for determining the effective shape and flexibility of membrane proteins

    A Melodic Contour Repeatedly Experienced by Human Near-Term Fetuses Elicits a Profound Cardiac Reaction One Month after Birth

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    Human hearing develops progressively during the last trimester of gestation. Near-term fetuses can discriminate acoustic features, such as frequencies and spectra, and process complex auditory streams. Fetal and neonatal studies show that they can remember frequently recurring sounds. However, existing data can only show retention intervals up to several days after birth.Here we show that auditory memories can last at least six weeks. Experimental fetuses were given precisely controlled exposure to a descending piano melody twice daily during the 35(th), 36(th), and 37(th) weeks of gestation. Six weeks later we assessed the cardiac responses of 25 exposed infants and 25 naive control infants, while in quiet sleep, to the descending melody and to an ascending control piano melody. The melodies had precisely inverse contours, but similar spectra, identical duration, tempo and rhythm, thus, almost identical amplitude envelopes. All infants displayed a significant heart rate change. In exposed infants, the descending melody evoked a cardiac deceleration that was twice larger than the decelerations elicited by the ascending melody and by both melodies in control infants.Thus, 3-weeks of prenatal exposure to a specific melodic contour affects infants 'auditory processing' or perception, i.e., impacts the autonomic nervous system at least six weeks later, when infants are 1-month old. Our results extend the retention interval over which a prenatally acquired memory of a specific sound stream can be observed from 3-4 days to six weeks. The long-term memory for the descending melody is interpreted in terms of enduring neurophysiological tuning and its significance for the developmental psychobiology of attention and perception, including early speech perception, is discussed

    Etude d'un canal potassique voltage-dépendant reconstitué dans des vésicules unilamellaires géantes

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    Il est difficile d'Ă©tudier in vivo le rĂŽle de la membrane dans l'excitabilitĂ© des cellules car les paramĂštres pertinents (composition et Ă©tat mĂ©canique de la membrane, densitĂ© de canaux...) sont activement rĂ©gulĂ©s par la cellule elle-mĂȘme et donc difficilement ajustables expĂ©rimentalement. J ai donc dĂ©veloppĂ© une mĂ©thode pour reconstituer un canal voltage-dĂ©pendant dans une membrane oĂč ces paramĂštres peuvent ĂȘtre contrĂŽlĂ©s. Pour cela j ai exprimĂ©, purifiĂ© et marquĂ© KvAP, un canal potassique voltage-dĂ©pendant. J ai ensuite adaptĂ© une mĂ©thode existante pour le reconstituer dans des VĂ©sicules Unilamellaires GĂ©antes (GUVs). J ai mesurĂ© la densitĂ© des canaux dans les GUVs grĂące Ă  la microscopie confocale. Des expĂ©riences d Ă©lectrophysiologie ont, de plus, montrĂ© que le canal reste fonctionnel aprĂšs reconstitution. Ce systĂšme m a permis d Ă©tudier tout d abord l affinitĂ© du canal pour les membranes courbĂ©es. Pour cela, j ai tirĂ© des nanotubes de rayon contrĂŽlĂ© Ă  partir de ces GUVs et j ai mesurĂ© la distribution du canal entre la vĂ©sicule et le tube par microscopie confocale. J ai montrĂ© que le canal est enrichi dans le tube proportionnellement Ă  sa courbure. Ce rĂ©sultat est en accord avec une thĂ©orie basĂ©e sur l Ă©lasticitĂ© de la membrane. Nous avons Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ© l effet du confinement de la membrane sur la diffusion de KvAP. Par des expĂ©riences de suivi de particule unique, nous avons montrĂ© que le coefficient de diffusion le long du tube diminue d un facteur 3 lorsque le rayon du tube dĂ©croĂźt de 250 Ă  10 nm. Ce rĂ©sultat est en accord avec le modĂšle hydrodynamique de Saffman et DelbrĂŒck appliquĂ© Ă  la gĂ©omĂ©trie cylindriquePARIS-BIUSJ-Biologie recherche (751052107) / SudocSudocFranceF
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