PRESUPPOSITION AND ITS TRUTH RELATIONS

Penelitian ini berkonsentrasi pada presuposisi yang terdapat di dalam  tulisan karya Ernest Hemingway ‘Indian Camp’. Selain menemukan presuposisi yang ada di dalam kalimat, penelitian ini juga membahas hubungan kebenaran kalimat dengan presuposisinya. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif qualitatif, presuposisi pada kalimat dan hubungan kebenaran antara kalimat dan presuposisi kalimat tersebut diidentifikasi. Jika kalimat tersebut benar atau salah maka presuposisi kalimat akan menjadi benar. Namun sebaliknya jika presuposisi kalimat tersebut benar atau salah maka kalimat tersebut tidak dapat menjadi benar atau salah sehingga kalimat tersebut tidak mempunyai nilai kebenaran

カンボジア高等学校におけるプライベート・レッスンの継続への影響要因

内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(学術)Doctor of Philosophydoctora

Distribution snd Ecology of the Malaysian Mahseer (Genus: Tor) in Kenyir Lake, Malaysia

A study on distribution and ecology of the Malaysian mahseer ( Tor sora Cuvier & Valenciennes and Tor tambroides Bleeker) was carried out in lotic and lentic habitats in Lake Kenyir, Malaysia. The fish distribution and habitat profile of the Malaysian mahseer were studied to investigate the ecological condition and their relationship with the environment and to determine the present spatial distribution and abundance in the lake system. The results showed that there is a habitat selection by fish of different sizes, (fingerling 2.0 - 7.0 cm, juveniles 7.1 - 20.0 cm and adults >20.0 cm TL) in relation with size of stream, water depth, current velocity, substrate, water temperature, water transparency, dissolved oxygen, and habitat types. The adults of Tor tambroides were most abundant in deeper parts or pools in upstream reaches of large streams (26-60 m width) of Sg. Tembat and Sg. Terengganu and medium-sized stream ( 1 2-25 m width) of Sungai Kiang. The juvenile were found in all sizes of sampled streams in the lake. The adult of T. sora were found in less abundance in small and medium-sized streams of Sg. Buluh Nipis n, Sg. Mandak I and n, Sg. Siput, and Sg. Lancang. However, the juveniles and fingerlings were mostly found in the small stream reaches and were most abundant at water depths ranging from 10 to 187 cm with velocity ranging from 1 to 118 cm.s·l. The adults occurred in habitats where the water depth was about 5.4 m and current velocity ranged from 1 to 66 cm.s·l. The fingerling and juvenile of both species were frequently found in streams where pools represented from 3 to 9%, runs 5 to 32%, riffles 61 to 91 % of the total area. The fingerlings and juveniles were mostly found in habitats where boulders were predominant followed by bedrock, sand, gravel, cobble and pebble. The adults mostly occurred in habitats where the substrate comprised of boulders and rock. The young mahseers were frequently found in clear-running water, while the adults occurred in slow-running and more turbid water as compared to the young mahseer. The temperature profile ranged from 23.0 to 2S.3°C. the dissolved oxygen varied from 6.7 to 8.8 mg.rl. The water hardness of the mahseer habitat nullifies the effect of toxic metals to the fish. The microhabitat and macrohabitat analysis of habitat use and preference of T. soro in the two small stream reaches of Sg. Buluh Nipis IT and Sg. Mandak IT showed that T. soro preferred depths between 52 em and 120 em and water velocity between 0 and 35 cm.s·l. Different size classes of T. sora used different mean depths at both sites. The seasonal use of depth and velocity by T. sora were significantly different at both sites (p<O.OS). T. sora preferred sand and gravel as substrate. T. sora preferred cover up to 70% and the fish of all size had similar preference for cover at both sites (p>O.OS). T. sora generally aggregated in groups ranging from 1 to 7 fish and were fou nd to associate with Acrossocheilus dearatus (C & V) and Osteochilus vittatus (C & V). The adults of T. sora were fou nd in pools. The juveniles were quite well spread in all habitat types, pools, runs and ri ffles, while the fingerl ings were most abundant in riffle habitat. It was found that T. soro fed mainly on algae and other available fauna and flora at the stream of Sg. Buluh Nipis II. Examining their feeding apparatus, the teeth of T. sora (7.0 -26.0 cm in TL) and T. tambroides (17.0 - 25.0 cm in TL) were not developed on the lower and upper jaw, but there is a presence of pharyngeal te€th on the upper and lower pharyngeal arch. Their mouths were protracted and slightly inferior. The lips of both fish species were thick. Being a typical cyprinid, both fish species had no conventional stomach and possessed an extended long intestine. The fish employed suction feeding in adaptation with their feeding apparatus. The relative length of gut (R.L.G.) for the T. sora with the size range from 7.0 to 26.0 cm in total length has been found to vary from the lowest 0.77 to the highest 2.85. The value of R.L.G. for T. tambraides with size ranging from 17.0 to 25.0 cm in total length also varies, ranging from l.11 to 2.50. Both fish species were omnivores as evident from gut content analysis and the relative length of gut. It could be concluded that the mahseer is a highly territorial fish species. The physical and chemical parameters are significant in determining spatial distribution and abundance of the Malaysian mahseer and also important in the application of habitat-based management of the mahseer population in Lake Kenyir

A REVIEW OF CAMBODIAN PRIVATE TUTORING: PARASITIC AND SYMBIOTIC FUNCTIONS TOWARDS THE MAINSTREAM SYSTEM

Offering private tutoring (PT) to their students is legal in Cambodia. However, teachers are banned from engaging in PT during official hours and holidays. Literature has proven common root causes across contexts such as low salaries, class size, insufficient instructional times and high-stakes examinations. With a new attempt, this narrative paper aims to discuss PT and its effects from the different stakeholders’ perspectives and to reflect PT functions towards mainstream education. On the one hand, symbiosis generates a ‘dependency system,’ divided into two relationships such as ‘commensalism’ between PT and the mainstream system, and ‘mutualism’ between supply and demand side including the mainstream system. On the other hand, parasitism (professional misconduct) exists owing to policy implementers’ laissez-faire approach in exercising the approved codes of conducts. Hence, the parasitism remains in the public classrooms owing to the lack of accountability and monitoring system of the in-charge stakeholders. Its presence enlarges the capacity of the dependency system to cast a shadow over the incomplete shape and size of the mainstream system. Thus, it should be alerted that when it is oversized, this symbiotic function may downplay the mainstream system and moves it away from the core attention of the demand side. &nbsp; Keywords: Cambodia, extra lesson, private tuition, shadow education, supplementary tutoring. &nbsp; Cite as: Soeung, S. (2021).&nbsp;A review of Cambodian private tutoring: Parasitic and symbiotic functions towards the mainstream system.&nbsp;&nbsp;Journal of Nusantara Studies, 6(1), 42-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss1pp42-5

CAMBODIAN TWELFTH GRADERS’ CHOICE FOR ENGLISH PRIVATE TUTORING: QUIT OR NOT TO QUIT?

Private tutoring is not a new phenomenon for education in both developed and developing countries. However, English private tutoring (EPT) attracted a limited number of studies, although English is viewed as the key to success in non-English speaking countries like Cambodia. By observing EPT as a choice, this mixed-method study, using the convergent design, aimed to explore factors affecting Cambodian 12th graders towards quitting or not quitting EPT during the year of the national examination. Quantitative data were collected from 639 twelfth graders in Cambodia via a self-rated questionnaire, while qualitative data were obtained from 8 respondents. Findings reveal that the decision of leaving EPT is more influenced by their parents, while that of continuing EPT is stirred by educational aspirations, internal motivation as well as part-time employment during their university life. Surprisingly, unlike private tutoring of other core exam subjects, this study found that students from better income families in Cambodia do not seem interested in investing in EPT. It is proposed that an ‘exam-career balance’ syllabus be developed and implemented in both mainstream schools and EPT classes to boost the success probability of Cambodian 12th graders in their exams as well as their future

INFLUENCE OF PLANT DENSITY, COMPOST AND BIOFERTILIZER ON TRUE SHALLOT SEED GROWTH IN ALLUVIAL SOIL

True shallot seed (Allium cepa var Aggregatum group) is an alternative way of growing shallot. Different environments and cultivars need a specific study. The aim of this research was to find out the best technology to grow Trisula true shallot seed by managing plant densities and applying compost and biofertilizer in alluvial soils. The study was performed from May to October 2015, using a split-plot design with four replications. The main plot was plant density: 100 plants m-2 and 70 plants m-2. Subplots were five fertilizer application combinations, they were 100% recommended dose of NPK (R-NPK), 100% R-NPK + compost, 100% R-NPK + compost + biofertilizer, 50% R-NPK + compost and 50% R-NPK + compost + biofertilizer. Results showed that biomass and bulb yield were significantly affected by plant density and fertilizer application. The reduced 50% R-NPK by substituting with compost and biofertilizer was unable to maintain shallot bulb yield equal to 100% R-NPK, suggesting insufficient nutrients derived from compost to satisfy the shallot requirement. The best technology to grow true shallot seed of Trisula variety was 100 plants m-2 plant density and 100% NPK (consisting of 180 kg N ha-1, 52 kg P ha-1 and 50 kg K ha-1) with 2.5 t ha-1 compost that achieved the highest bulb yield of 9.83 t ha-1 and increased the revenue

Smart Timetable Organizer

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) students are given more flexibility in term of how they want to arrange their classes. Each student tends to have a uniquely different timetable according to their preferred curriculum structure and personal preferences. Smart Timetable Organizer is going to assist students in arranging their own timetable, depending on the courses they wish to enroll for that particular semester. The system will give a trial-and-error platform that can give students all the possible combinations of classes they can have. This platform will be able to reduce the hassle of trying to manually arrange the lectures, labs, and tutorial sessions. It will help to save time and effort of fixing the clash for both students and lecturers, as well as to provide a more reliable way of noting down the timetable rather than practiced in the old times (pen & paper). The project has delivered a working prototype that is currently hosted online for testing and to obtain feedbacks from user. Based on the small scale testing from real potential users, Smart Timetable Organizer has obtained many good feedbacks and satisfaction. Hopefully, with the support from UTP management, the project would be implemented for students’ use in the upcoming semester

Improving shallot (Allium cepa Aggregatum group) production in acidic soils in West Java, Indonesia : a dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy of Gina Aliya Sopha in Horticulture at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand

In the West Java region, Indonesia, the wide range of shallot (Allium cepa) bulb yields suggests that there is potential for productivity improvements, especially for smallholder farmers. This study, which involved a farmer and soil fertility survey, two field trials and a laboratory incubation study, aimed to improve the shallot productivity of smallholder farmers. The survey, conducted in four districts of West Java, identified that the Pacet District had the lowest average bulb yield of 5.4 t ha⁻¹ and also had a wide range of yields (2.3 to 11.8 t ha⁻¹). The two common soil fertility constraints were very low soil pH and low available soil phosphorus (P). The first field trial aimed to determine the optimal P fertiliser rates, when rates of up to 1 tonne of lime ha⁻¹ were applied, for three different farm sites in the Pacet District. These sites had strongly acidic soils with constraining exchangeable Al³⁺ and available soil P levels. The second field trial aimed to determine the response of shallot bulb yield to P fertiliser once exchangeable Al³⁺ had been decreased to a low level using high rates of lime. This field trial used a single farm site with a very low soil pHH₂O of 4.1, a high exchangeable Al³⁺ of 1.9 cmol (+) kg⁻¹ and a low Bray1-P of 10 mg P kg⁻¹. The incubation experiment assessed the effect of a range of liming materials, as well as rice husk biochar and zeolite, on soil pH, exchangeable Al³⁺ and cation exchange capacity (CEC). This study quantified the benefits of improved lime and P fertiliser practices and identified constraints to their implementation. Farmers should aim to ensure that soil exchangeable Al³⁺ levels are maintained 4.7. Monitoring soil P status through soil testing and achieving Bray1-P levels above 28 kg ha⁻¹ also improves the likelihood of achieving high yields. Very good financial returns can be achieved from high yielding shallot crops; however, farmers need better access to the services of agricultural field officers to conduct and interpret soil tests

I’m Going Mobile: Teaching Freshmen Business Students Mobile Application Development

IS enrollment has been declining in recent years. In an attempt to introduce key Information Systems concepts to freshmen business students in a fun and engaging way, we introduced a mobile application design project that recently allowed them to develop a live application on real smartphones. While going through this process, students learned some of the basic tenets of the discipline of Information Systems while simultaneously realizing the relevance and applicability to their future lives as 21st Century professionals. In this paper, we outline the core course progression for a typical Information Systems department, detail the process through which we engaged the students, and confirm our assertions through textual analysis of self-reported comments on their experience with this mobile application project