Effect of ultra high temperature (UHT) treatment on coffee brew stability

In this work, the influence of an Ultra High Temperature (UHT) treatment on chemical and sensory composition of Arabica coffee brews for a longer shelf-life has been studied. A temperature of 120 degrees C for 2 s allows to obtain a microbiologically safe coffee brew, good valued from the sensory point of view. The behavior of the UHT vs non UHT treated coffee brew was followed throughout 120 days of storage at 4 degrees C. The UHT treatment keeps the typical acidity of the brews longer, delaying and softening the pH decrease and the development of sourness, which is one of the main causes for the rejection of stored coffee brews. The UHT treatment hardly affects the concentrations of caffeine and trigonelline, and of some phenolic compounds such as 5-caffeoylquinic (5-CQA), caffeic or ferulic acids. Sixteen key odorants and staling volatiles were analyzed by HS-GC-MS and lower changes were observed in the UHT treated coffee brew throughout storage. Higher DPPH center dot scavenging activity was observed in the UHT treated coffee brew from days 60 to 120. In conclusion, the application of an UHT treatment is proposed to extend the shelf-life (up to 60 days) of stored coffee brews

Contents of CaCO3 in the couplets marl-limestone of the Maastrichtian and the Danian at the Sopelana, Basque Arc: grey facies versus red facies

The Sopelana sea-cliff section exposes a continuous marl-limestone alternation from the Lower Maastrichtian to the Danian, in the deep Basque Arc domain. The high-resolution analysis (% CaCO3) of the Lower- Upper Maastrichtian couplets confirms a simple and regular layout versus a more complex behaviour of the Danian couplets. The marl and limestone mean values of the Upper Maastrichtian point out a continental debris enrichment. The early entry of deep, cold, oxygenated water produces a gradual (grey/ yellowgreenish/ red) change of coloration in the Lower Maastrichtian couplets. It is the beginning of the Cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORB´s). The “bleaching” around macrofossil nucleus and small fractures in the red facies shows a small diagenetic stage due to the influx of reducing fluid

Effect of ultra high temperature (UHT) treatment on coffee brew stability

In this work, the influence of an Ultra High Temperature (UHT) treatment on chemical and sensory composition of Arabica coffee brews for a longer shelf-life has been studied. A temperature of 120 degrees C for 2 s allows to obtain a microbiologically safe coffee brew, good valued from the sensory point of view. The behavior of the UHT vs non UHT treated coffee brew was followed throughout 120 days of storage at 4 degrees C. The UHT treatment keeps the typical acidity of the brews longer, delaying and softening the pH decrease and the development of sourness, which is one of the main causes for the rejection of stored coffee brews. The UHT treatment hardly affects the concentrations of caffeine and trigonelline, and of some phenolic compounds such as 5-caffeoylquinic (5-CQA), caffeic or ferulic acids. Sixteen key odorants and staling volatiles were analyzed by HS-GC-MS and lower changes were observed in the UHT treated coffee brew throughout storage. Higher DPPH center dot scavenging activity was observed in the UHT treated coffee brew from days 60 to 120. In conclusion, the application of an UHT treatment is proposed to extend the shelf-life (up to 60 days) of stored coffee brews

Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry

Background: Evidence for the comparative teratogenic risk of antiepileptic drugs is insufficient, particularly in relation to the dosage used. Therefore, we aimed to compare the occurrence of major congenital malformations following prenatal exposure to the eight most commonly used antiepileptic drugs in monotherapy. Methods: We did a longitudinal, prospective cohort study based on the EURAP international registry. We included data from pregnancies in women who were exposed to antiepileptic drug monotherapy at conception, prospectively identified from 42 countries contributing to EURAP. Follow-up data were obtained after each trimester, at birth, and 1 year after birth. The primary objective was to compare the risk of major congenital malformations assessed at 1 year after birth in offspring exposed prenatally to one of eight commonly used antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, topiramate, and valproate) and, whenever a dose dependency was identified, to compare the risks at different dose ranges. Logistic regression was used to make direct comparisons between treatments after adjustment for potential confounders and prognostic factors. Findings: Between June 20, 1999, and May 20, 2016, 7555 prospective pregnancies met the eligibility criteria. Of those eligible, 7355 pregnancies were exposed to one of the eight antiepileptic drugs for which the prevalence of major congenital malformations was 142 (10\ub73%) of 1381 pregnancies for valproate, 19 (6\ub75%) of 294 for phenobarbital, eight (6\ub74%) of 125 for phenytoin, 107 (5\ub75%) of 1957 for carbamazepine, six (3\ub79%) of 152 for topiramate, ten (3\ub70%) of 333 for oxcarbazepine, 74 (2\ub79%) of 2514 for lamotrigine, and 17 (2\ub78%) of 599 for levetiracetam. The prevalence of major congenital malformations increased with the dose at time of conception for carbamazepine (p=0\ub70140), lamotrigine (p=0\ub70145), phenobarbital (p=0\ub70390), and valproate (p<0\ub70001). After adjustment, multivariable analysis showed that the prevalence of major congenital malformations was significantly higher for all doses of carbamazepine and valproate as well as for phenobarbital at doses of more than 80 mg/day than for lamotrigine at doses of 325 mg/day or less. Valproate at doses of 650 mg/day or less was also associated with increased risk of major congenital malformations compared with levetiracetam at doses of 250\u20134000 mg/day (odds ratio [OR] 2\ub743, 95% CI 1\ub730\u20134\ub755; p=0\ub70069). Carbamazepine at doses of more than 700 mg/day was associated with increased risk of major congenital malformations compared with levetiracetam at doses of 250\u20134000 mg/day (OR 2\ub741, 95% CI 1\ub733\u20134\ub738; p=0\ub70055) and oxcarbazepine at doses of 75\u20134500 mg/day (2\ub737, 1\ub717\u20134\ub780; p=0\ub70169). Interpretation: Different antiepileptic drugs and dosages have different teratogenic risks. Risks of major congenital malformation associated with lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and oxcarbazepine were within the range reported in the literature for offspring unexposed to antiepileptic drugs. These findings facilitate rational selection of these drugs, taking into account comparative risks associated with treatment alternatives. Data for topiramate and phenytoin should be interpreted cautiously because of the small number of exposures in this study. Funding: Bial, Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB, the Netherlands Epilepsy Foundation, and Stockholm County Council