Intrinsic time gravity and the Lichnerowicz-York equation

We investigate the effect on the Hamiltonian structure of general relativity of choosing an intrinsic time to fix the time slicing. 3-covariance with momentum constraint is maintained, but the Hamiltonian constraint is replaced by a dynamical equation for the trace of the momentum. This reveals a very simple structure with a local reduced Hamiltonian. The theory is easily generalised; in particular, the square of the Cotton-York tensor density can be added as an extra part of the potential while at the same time maintaining the classic 2 + 2 degrees of freedom. Initial data construction is simple in the extended theory; we get a generalised Lichnerowicz-York equation with nice existence and uniqueness properties. Adding standard matter fields is quite straightforward.Comment: 4 page

Equivalence between various versions of the self-dual action of the Ashtekar formalism

Different aspects of the self-dual (anti-self-dual) action of the Ashtekar canonical formalism are discussed. In particular, we study the equivalences and differences between the various versions of such an action. Our analysis may be useful for the development of an Ashtekar formalism in eight dimensions.Comment: 10 pages, Latex, minor correction

Constraints of FL Motif on the Targeting and Function of Sodium-Bicarbonate Cotransporter 1

A C-terminal dihydrophobic FL motif plays a vital role in the basolateral targeting of sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1. To further characterize the role of dihydrophobic FL motif, 1). the FL motif in wild type (PFLS) was reversed to LF (PLFS), 2). the FL motif (PFLS) was shifted upstream (FLPS), and 3). the FL motif (PFLS) was shifted downstream (PSFL). The wild type (PFLS) and its mutant (PLFS) were exclusively expressed on the basolateral membrane by con-focal microscopy, however, the mutant (FLPS) and (PSFL) were predominantly mistargeted to the apical membrane and the cytoplasm, respectively. Functional studies showed that the mutant (PSFL) displayed a remarkably reduced current (p value<0.05 vs wild type). The mutant (PSFL) displayed a more reduced membrane surface expression than the wild type and was co-localized with ER marker. The protein sequence spanning FL motif in kNBC1 C-terminal cytoplasmic tail shows a helical structure, mutants (PLFS) and (PSFL) reduce a-helical contents by circular dichroism study. Reversed FL isn't a constraint for basolateral targeting, but shifting it upstream and downstream are ones

Holographic interacting dark energy in the braneworld cosmology

We investigate a model of brane cosmology to find a unified description of the radiation-matter-dark energy universe. It is of the interacting holographic dark energy with a bulk-holographic matter $\chi$. This is a five-dimensional cold dark matter, which plays a role of radiation on the brane. Using the effective equations of state $\omega^{\rm eff}_{\rm \Lambda}$ instead of the native equations of state $\omega_{\rm \Lambda}$, we show that this model cannot accommodate any transition from the dark energy with $\omega^{\rm eff}_{\rm \Lambda}\ge-1$ to the phantom regime $\omega^{\rm eff}_{\rm \Lambda}<-1$. Furthermore, the case of interaction between cold dark matter and five dimensional cold dark matter is considered for completeness. Here we find that the redshift of matter-radiation equality $z_{\rm eq}$ is the same order as $z^{\rm ob}_{\rm eq}=2.4\times10^{4} \Omega_{\rm m}h^2$. Finally, we obtain a general decay rate $\Gamma$ which is suitable for describing all interactions including the interaction between holographic dark energy and cold dark matter.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figure

Heat shock proteins and neurodegenerative disorders

10.1100/tsw.2008.48TheScientificWorldJournal8270-27

Catalytic Performance of Commercial Zeolites Y as Catalyst for Ethylene Production from Ethanol Dehydration

Catalytic dehydration of ethanol into ethylene was studied over commercial Zeolites-Y with different Si:Al ratios between 5.1:1 and 80:1, and temperature from 573 K to 773 K. The physicochemical properties of fresh and spent catalyst of Zeolite Y Si:Al 80:1 (best performing catalyst) were investigated using N2-physisorption, TGA, SEM-EDX, NH3-TPD, FTIR and XRD. Results showed that catalysts with higher Si:Al ratios exhibit better catalytic performance in terms of higher ethanol conversion and higher selectivity to ethylene. Indeed, zeolites-Y with Si:Al ratio 5.1:1 and 12:1 demonstrated low catalytic activity with ethanol conversion of 34% and 2%, respectively. However, ethylene selectivity of NH3-Y (5) was 84%, which was considerably higher than NH3-Y (12) which was 26%, indicated that this catalyst was not promoting the formation of other hydrocarbons i.e. methane and ethane. Albeit all of the catalysts namely H-Y (30), H-Y (60) and H-Y (80) showed favorable performance in ethanol dehydration, H-Y (80) attained almost total selectivity to ethylene and highest conversion of 73.0% among all the tested catalysts

Reply to the comment by D. Kreimer and E. Mielke

We respond to the comment by Kreimer et. al. about the torsional contribution to the chiral anomaly in curved spacetimes. We discuss their claims and refute its main conclusion.Comment: 9 pages, revte

Structural transformations of mechanically induced top-down approach BaFe12O19 nanoparticles synthesized from high crystallinity bulk materials

In this work, a top-down approach was applied to high crystallinity BaFe12O19 bulks, breaking them into smaller nanoparticles by mechanochemical route. The effects of milling time, reaction mechanisms and structural information were investigated. Interestingly, three distinct stages of the mechanochemical mechanism were observed. The XRD results indicated that the BaFe12O19 phase existed even though the mechanical energy had induced the formation of an amorphous phase in the material. The average crystallite size decreased during the first stage and the intermediate stage, and increased during the final stage of the mechanical alloying. A Rietveld refinement analysis suggested the deformation of a mechanically-triggered polyhedral in the magnetoplumbite structure. FESEM micrographs indicated that fragmentation predominated during the first and intermediate stages, until a steady equilibrium state was achieved at in the final stage, where a narrow particle size distribution was observed. HRTEM micrographs suggested the formation of a non-uniform nanostructure shell surrounding the ordered core materials at the edge-interface region. The thickness of the amorphous surface layer extended up to 12 nm during the first and intermediate stages, and diminished to approximately 3 nm after 20 h milling. VSM results showed a mixture of ferromagnetic, superparamagnetic, and paramagnetic behaviours. However, different magnetic behaviours predominated at different milling time, which strongly related to the defects, distorted polyhedra, and non-equilibrium amorphous layers of the material

NiGe on Ge(001) by reactive deposition epitaxy: An in situ ultrahigh-vacuum transmission-electron microscopy study

We use an ultrahigh-vacuum transmission-electron microscopy, equipped with an electron-beam evaporator directed at a heating stage in the pole piece, to follow the reaction pathway of Ni on Ge(001) substrate at 300 °C. Using reactive deposition, we illustrate that epitaxial orthorhombic NiGe (a = 5.381 Åa=5.381Å, b = 3.428 Åb=3.428Å, and c = 5.811 Åc=5.811Å) phase can be grown directly without the initial formation of metal-rich Ni2GeNi2Ge phase. The epitaxial orientation of the NiGe islands and the underlying Ge(001) substrate were found to be NiGe(01)//Ge(001)NiGe(1¯01)∕∕Ge(001) and NiGe[010]//Ge[110]NiGe[010]∕∕Ge[110].Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87854/2/201908_1.pd